Hunger And Thirst

Front 1

Izzy

Back 1

-obese; died at 38 of heart failure

-possibly leptin-deficient

-757 lbs

Front 2

homeostatic systems use our behavior to keep things

Back 2

balanced

Front 3

negative feedback systems are the main

Back 3

homeostatic mechanisms

Front 4

if a set point is deviated from, compensatory action begins to get back to that set point

Back 4

negative feedback system

Front 5

2 types of thirst

Back 5

hypovolemic and osmotic

Front 6

hypovolemic thirst is stimulated by low

Back 6

extracellular/intravascular volume

Front 7

ex of hypovolemic thirst

Back 7

loosing blood, sweating

Front 8

osmotic thirst is stimulated by high

Back 8

extracellular solute concentration

Front 9

what type of thirst is the most common?

Back 9

osmotic

Front 10

hypovolemic thirst is triggered by the loss of

Back 10

water volume- concentration is not changed

Front 11

what detects the initial drop in water volume in hypovolemic thirst?

Back 11

baroreceptors in blood vessels and the heart

Front 12

what happens to arteries in hypovolemic thirst?

Back 12

they constrict to raise blood pressure

Front 13

why does BP go up during hypovolemic thirst

Back 13

BP needs to increase to get blood to the brain

Front 14

hypovolemia (low blood volume) causes release of

Back 14

vasopressin, or ADH

Front 15

In hypovolemia, vasopressin, or ADH, induces _______ and reduces ________

Back 15

blood vessel constriction

flow to bladder

Front 16

In diabetes insipidus _____ or ____ is not produced so kidneys send more urine to the bladder- causing chronic thirst

Back 16

vasopressin or ADH

Front 17

with decreased blood volume, kidneys release ______

Back 17

renin,

Front 18

Renin triggers formation of _______ by the kidney

Back 18

angiotensin II

Front 19

where is angiotensin II made?

Back 19

kidneys

Front 20

aldosterone is a hormone that tells the kidneys to

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reabsorb sodium

Front 21

circulating angiotensin II acts in what organ

Back 21

subfornical organ

Front 22

the subfornical organ is below the

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fornix

Front 23

area involved in vomiting

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area postrema

Front 24

the area psotrema is stimulated by ____ to make you vomit

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alcohol

Front 25

cells "shrink" as you eat what?

Back 25

salt

Front 26

when you eat salt water passes through semipermeable membrane from ?

Back 26

cells into blood

Front 27

Osmosensory neurons are found in the

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OVLT (anterior hypothalamus)

Front 28

what responds to a rise in blood osmotic pressure?

Back 28

osmosensory neurons in the OVLT

Front 29

In osmosensory neurons, cell membranes shrink, opening

Back 29

mechanical gated Na+ channels

no energy needed !

Front 30

is ADH involved in both kinds of thirst?

Back 30

yes

Front 31

which type of thirst involves the OVLT?

Back 31

osmotic

Front 32

which type of thirst involves the subfornical organ?

Back 32

hypovolemic

Front 33

ingestion of water causes the mouth to

Back 33

cool and moisten

Front 34

ingestion of water causes blood to be

Back 34

rehydrated

Front 35

ingestion of water causes the ____ & ____ to distend

Back 35

stomach and intestines

Front 36

hypovolemia is detected by

Back 36

baroreceptors

Front 37

energy expenditure is adjusted in response to

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nutrition

Front 38

at the start of a diet, the ___ will fall

Back 38

basal metabolic rate

Front 39

at the start of a diet the basal metabolic rate falls to prevent

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losing weight

*body is in shock and thinks it is starving

Front 40

does fasting promote longevity?

Back 40

in rats yes- up to 40%

Front 41

glucose is the principal sugar used for

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energy

Front 42

glycogen is glucose stored for

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short term in the liver

Front 43

glycogenesis is the converting of ____ to ____ using ____

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glucose to glycogen using insulin

Front 44

lipids are ____ for longer term storage

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fat tissue

Front 45

insulin is a hormone from the

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pancreas

Front 46

the brain decides when to start/stop eating by integrating _____ & ______ levels with other information

Back 46

glucose and insulin

Front 47

factors involved in hunger include _______ from organs

Back 47

peripheral signals

Front 48

factors involved in hunger include _____ from the brain

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central signals

Front 49

factors involved in hunger include _____ like emotions, environmental cues and food charachterisitcs

Back 49

external factors

Front 50

the stress hormone cortisol has what effect on hunger

Back 50

stimulatory

Front 51

leptin is produced by ____ cells

Back 51

fat

Front 52

produced by fat cells- secreted into the bloodstream

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leptin

Front 53

defects in leptin production or sensitivity causes

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a falsely low report of body fate

Front 54

a leptin deficient rat would be___

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obese

Front 55

_____ is released by stomach endocrine cells

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ghrelin

Front 56

ghrelin ___'s during fasting and ___'s after eating

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rises

drops

Front 57

some obese people have ___ ghrelin levels

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elevated

Front 58

obese people with high ghrelin levels may ?

Back 58

be hungry and overeat

Front 59

In this disorder ghrelin levels are elevated

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prader-willi syndrome

Front 60

Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes a sense of

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never being full

Front 61

what cells make ghrelin?

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stomach endocrine cells

Front 62

VMH lesioned animals overeat until they become

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obese

Front 63

In VMH lesioned animals increased weight ______

Back 63

stabilizes

Front 64

this increased weight stabilizes and becomes the new set point so even after food deprivation, this weight is maintained

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VMH lesioned animals

Front 65

LH lesioned animals stop

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eating

Front 66

After LH lesioned animals stop eating the resume and stabilize ?

Back 66

their weight at a new lower level

Front 67

2 sets of neurons in the hypothalamus that have opposing effects

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NPY/AgRP

POMC/CART

Front 68

NPY/AgRP neurons produce ___ & ______

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neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide

Front 69

NPY/AgRP neurons stimulate ____ and _____

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appetiite

lower metabolism

Front 70

NPY/AgRP neurons lead to

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weight gain

Front 71

POMC/CART neurons produce

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pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine & amphetamine-related transcript (CART)

Front 72

POMC/CART neurons inhibit ____ and raise _____

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appetite

metabolism

Front 73

POMC/CART Neurons lead to

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weight loss

Front 74

refusal to maintain body weight

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anorexia nervosa

Front 75

fear of weight gain

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anorexia nervosa

Front 76

body image disturbances

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anorexia nervosa

Front 77

no menstrual cycle associated with this eating disorder

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anorexia nervosa

Front 78

Anorexia nervosa describes what types of eating

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restricting or binge eating

purging

Front 79

prevalence of anorexia?

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0.5% in women and 0.05% in men

Front 80

recurrent binge eating

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Bulimia

Front 81

at least 2 times a week of 3 months

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Bulimia

Front 82

amenorrhea is caused by

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anorexia nervosa

Front 83

what causes a drop in body temp and severe constipation?

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anorexia

Front 84

% of Women with Anorexia or Bulimia that have OCD

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20

Front 85

% of Women with Anorexia or Bulimia that had depression

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90

Front 86

Out of 246 women with eating disorders _____ % attempted suicide and __ % died

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30

5

Front 87

do eating disorders generally occur alone?

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no, they occur with other psychiatric conditions such as depression or alcohol abuse

Front 88

Kids’ Eating Disorders Survey (KEDS)

Out of 3,000 students surveyed in grades 5-8

___% dieted
____% fasted
___% used dieting pills
____% vomited
____% used diuretics

Back 88

30

10

2

5

2

Front 89

BMI for obese people

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greater than or equal to 30

Front 90

how to treat obesity

Back 90

-eat less
-modify behavior
-exercise

Front 91

A daily deficit of ____ to ____ calories is reasonable

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500 to 1000

Front 92

This is the most important part of obesity therapy and most difficult to do

Back 92

eating less

Front 93

Modifying behavior to cure obesity includes

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lifestyle changes

self monitoring and social support

Front 94

Exercise for obesity

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aerobics 200 min/ week

Front 95

moderate exercise for 45 min/ 5days per week is not

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sufficient for weight loss

Front 96

how are obese people like drug addicts?

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reduced numbers of dopamine receptors in the VTA

decreased prefrontal metabolism

Front 97

anti-addiction drugs can help with

Back 97

weight loss

Front 98

obese people could have fewer ______ and therefore must eat more to make themselves feel "happy" or normal.

Back 98

dopamine receptors (low dopa activity)

Front 99

energy required to fuel the brain/body and maintain temperature

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basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Front 100

if you have a ___ BMR you may have a difficult time losing weight

Back 100

low

Front 101

what accounts for 40% of a person's BMR?

Back 101

heredity

Front 102

75% of energy expenditure in average sedentary student

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BMR

Front 103

Of women on a diet, the 1/3 who failed to lose weight had low

Back 103

BMR's

Front 104

Gastric Bypass Surgery shows weight loss averages of ____ that are long lasting

Back 104

25%

Front 105

gastric bypass reduces ____ and has health benefits

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mortality

Front 106

compared to bypass surgery dieting only shows ____ % weight loss accompanied with relapse within 1 yr

Back 106

5-10