Humbio Ch 3: Life Chemistry

Front 1

Characteristics of Life (7)

Back 1

-Cells (DNA, Cytoplasm, Lipids, etc.)
-Stimulus Response (temp, light, chem)
-Reproduce (sex/asex, mitosis)
-1 chroms = haploid, 2 = diploid
-H20
-Homeostasis
-Metabolism (trophic scale)
-Cell Respiration

Front 2

Characteristics of Humans (6)

Back 2

-Subphylum (vertabrata)
-Opposable thumbs
-Cardiovascular System
-Sweat
-Brain capacity
-Societal Environment

Front 3

Biological Organization (11)

Back 3

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Cell (plasm memb, DNA, cytplsm)
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ System
7. Organism
8. Population
9. Community
10. Ecosystem
11. Biosphere

Front 4

Organ

Back 4

One or more tissues performing one function.

Front 5

Organ System

Back 5

Two or more organs co-operating to perform functions (Nervous System).

Front 6

Scientific Method

Back 6

Observe -> Hypothesis -> Test -> Conclude -> Publish

Front 7

Elements

Back 7

Number of protons = base of name

Front 8

Isotope

Back 8

More/fewer neutrons than protons

Front 9

Radioactive Decay

Back 9

More neutrons

Front 10

Ion

Back 10

More/fewer electrons than protons
-Positive charge: less electrons
-Negative charge: excess electrons

Front 11

Covalent Bond

Back 11

Strongest bond, atoms sharing valence electrons.
-Completely filled outer shells for both atoms.

Front 12

Ionic Bond

Back 12

Form between opposite charged atoms that are missing electrons or have extra electrons
-Bond breaks in solution

Front 13

Hydrogen Bond

Back 13

Bond formed between parts of molecules that contain covalently bonded hydrogen atoms.
-Weak bond, electrical charge on polar molecule.

Front 14

Acidity

Back 14

(Measure on pH scale 0-14)
-Neutral: 7 (H+ ~ H-)
-Acidic: <7 (More H+)
-Basic/Alkaline: >7 (More H-)

Front 15

Macromolecules

Back 15

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
-

Front 16

Carbohydrates

Back 16

Simple form: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

Front 17

Acid

Back 17

A substance that donates protons (H+) to their solutes/water molecules when dissolving in water.

Front 18

Base

Back 18

Accepts protons (H+) when dissolving in water.

Front 19

Salts

Back 19

Compounds that release ions (other than H+ and OH-) in solutions.
-Often formed by interaction of strong acid and strong base.

Front 20

Buffer

Back 20

A set of chemicals that keep pH of a solution stable.
-Two chemicals donate and accept ions that affect pH.

Front 21

Hydrophilic

Back 21

"Water-Loving", attracted to water.
-Polar molecules

Front 22

Hydrophobic

Back 22

"Water-Fearing", repelled by water.
-Nonpolar molecules

Front 23

Solvent

Back 23

A substance that dissolves ions and polar molecules easily.

Front 24

Solute

Back 24

A substance that has been dissolved.

Front 25

Monosaccharides

Back 25

"One monomer of sugar"
-Dissolve easily
-EX: Glucose, meets 1:2:1 ratio

Front 26

Disaccharides

Back 26

A short chain of 2+ sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis.
-Glucose + fructose = sucrose + H20

Front 27

Polysaccharides

Back 27

Straight/branched chains of sugar monomers bound through dehydration synthesis.
-Cellulose, Amylose, Glycogen.

Front 28

Cellulose

Back 28

Glucose chain stretched side-by-side and hydrogen bond at many -OH groups (hydrogen stabilizes in tight bundles).

Front 29

Starch

Back 29

A a series of coiled glucose chains.
-Main energy source in plants.

Front 30

Glycogen

Back 30

A branched energy reservoir chain.

Front 31

Lipids

Back 31

A nonpolar hydrocarbon.
-Fats, oils, natural wax, sterols.
-1 Hydrophilic & hydrophobic end, more heavily hydrophobic.

Front 32

Fats

Back 32

Lipids having ≤3 fatty acids attached to one glycerol.

Front 33

Fatty Acid

Back 33

Typically stretches out like a flexible tail.
-Has a backbone of ≤36 carbons and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end.

Front 34

Triglyceride

Back 34

3 fatty acid tails attached to one glycerol backbone.
-Butter, lard, plant oils
-Most common lipid, richest energy source.

Front 35

Phospholipid

Back 35

-Has a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails, and a hydrophilic head with a phosphate group (phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms) and another polar group.

-Main materials in cell membranes (2 layers of lipids)

Front 36

Phospohlipid Bilayer

Back 36

-The 2 layers of lipids within cell membranes.

-The heads of one layer are dissolved in the cell's fluid interior, while the heads of the other layer are dissolved in the surroundings.

Front 37

Sterols

Back 37

-Components of membranes and precursors of steroid hormones and other vital molecules.

-Comprised of 4 fused carbon rings, and no fatty acid tails.

Front 38

Cholesterol

Back 38

-The messenger of fatty build-up.

-Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
-Transports cholesterol from liver to blood stream.
-High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
-Transfers cholesterol from blood stream to liver.

Front 39

Protein

Back 39

Chains of amino acids
-20 amino acids, 8 essential:
-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Structure
-Amino List
-Helix Spiral/Pleated Sheet
-Random shapes define function