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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the basic characteristics of All living things |
Living things contain... - nucleic acids,proteins,carbohydrates, and lipids -Composed of cells -grow and reproduce -use energy and raw maetrials - respond to the environment - maintain homeostasis - populations evolve and have adaptive traits |
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Homeostasis |
relatively constant and self-correcting internal environment of a living organism |
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What do scientist use to categorize life based on genetic relatedness |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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3 types of Domains |
1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukaryota |
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Characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea |
Consists of various kinds of prokaryotes - very small - lack organelles |
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Characteristics of Eukarya |
contains eukaryotic cells -contains nucleus and organelles
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what are the 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms |
1. Protist 2. Fungi 3. plants 4. animals
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How would you Characterize humans |
eukarya anamalia chordata mammalia primates hominidae homo sapien |
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Characteristics of Viruses |
-Not a cell -contain genetic material but not enough to replicate -have a protein coat -contain a few enzymes -infect other organisms to use those living cells to replicate |
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How many organ systems do humans have? |
11 |
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population |
individuals of the same species living in a area |
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community |
all species in an ecosystem that can interact |
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ecosystem |
community and its physical environment |
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biosphere |
part of the earth that supports life |
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Biology is... |
an objective method of understanding the natural world |
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what is a theory? |
collection of principles, supported by evidence (facts), explains some aspect or phenomena of nature |
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Science method |
Based on measurements From observations come questions From questions formulate hypothesis Finally test the validity of the hypothesis |
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Scientific conclusions are inferred from datas... |
Testability, refutability, repeatable |
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Life at the cellular level is about.... |
chemical reactions |
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Matter |
Liquid, solid , or gas |
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Atom |
smallest unit of a substance cannot be broken down by an ordinary chemical processes |
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Element |
the pure kind of one atom |
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What subatomic particles do atoms consist of |
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
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protons |
Positive charged , in the middle |
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neutrons |
No charge,center |
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electrons |
Negative charge, mass is negligible, # can change, orbit around nucleus, inner shell may hold up to 2, outer shell may hold up to 8 each |
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valence electrons |
outer shell electrons |
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What percent does the nucleus mass make up of an atom? |
99.9%
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What make sup 98% of living organisms |
(CHNOPS) Carbon, Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous, sulfur |
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How many elements are important to life |
14 |
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Compounds |
two or more elements may combine to form a new chemical substance, bonded ions - held together by chemical bonds |
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Chemical bonds |
-bonds between atoms are chemical energy -bonding move atoms to more stable energy states - atoms have a propensity to attain complete shells, to become more stable
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Covalent bond |
sharing of electrons b/w atoms in the outer shell (molecule: held together by a covalent bond) |
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Ionic Bond |
loss or gain an electron and the atom takes on a charge *weaker than covalent bonds |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
-Bonds between already covalently bonded hydrogen and electronegative atom - polarity- different parts of a molecule may have slightly different charges |
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ion |
charged atom |
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Law of Conservation of mass |
matter is not created or destoyed from chemical reactions |
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Unique properties of water |
-virtuosity as a dissolving agent -high heat capacity -high heat of vaporization |
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Polar: |
unequal covalent bonds |
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Hydrophilic |
"water loving" : compounds that readily interact w/water |
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Hydroophobic |
"water-hating" : compounds that water forms itself around |
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Acids: |
anything that releases hydroxide ions (H+) when placed in water |
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Bases |
: anything that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water |
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What can determine the strength of an acid or base? |
pH |
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Why would you use a buffer? |
keeps pH values from changing dramtically Buffers yield or accept H+ |
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Acid Deposition "Acid Rain" |
- Air pollutant formed when SO2 + NOx reacts with H2O forming acid - falls in fog, rain, snow |
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What is a macromolecule? |
large molecule |
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Polymers |
many small, repeating molecular subunits linked in a chain |
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monomers |
the small molecular sub units that form the building blocks of polymers |
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How do polymers form? |
through dehydration synthesis |
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dehydration synthesis |
the reaction that bonds one monomer covalently to another releases a water molecule |
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What is this a model of ? |
Dehydration synthesis |
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Hydrolosis |
body uses to break many polymers apart, requires the addition of water across the addition of water across the covalent bonds |
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What is this a model of? |
Hydrolosis |
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What are carbohydrates? |
- sugars, and starches - provide energy for human body
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Monosaccharide |
smallest molecular unit of carbohydrates |
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disaccharide |
double sugar that forms when two monosaccharides covalently bond |
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polysaccharides |
complex carbohydrates that forms when monosaccharides join together in long chains |
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What is the plant storage polysaccharide? |
Starch |
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what is the animal storage polysaccharide? |
Glycogen |
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What are Lipids? |
(fats) -compounds that dont dissolve in water -nonpolar
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What are the three types of lipids |
Triglycerides,phospholipids, and steroids |
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Triglycerides |
compunds made of one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids -saturated -unsaturated -trans |
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What is this ? |
A phospholipid |
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Phospholipid |
molecule of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group |
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steroids |
4 carbon rings attached to molecules vary |
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Proteins |
made of one or more chains of amino acids |
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Amino acids |
linked together by peptide bonds
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peptide bonds |
formed by dehydration synthesis contains only a few amino acids |
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Enzymes |
almost alwayts proteins that speed up chemical reactions w/o being consumed in the process |
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What are simple carbohydrates? |
monsaccharides and disscharides |
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Protein structure |
- primary - secondary - tertiary - quarternary |
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What protein structure is this? |
Secondary |
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What Protein Structure is this? |
Primary |
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What protein structure is this? |
Quaternary |
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What protein structure is this? |
tetrieary |
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What is the difference between RNA and DNA |
RNA is single stranded DNA is double stranded |
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What is this a model of? |
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) suger ribose, base adenine , and 3 phosphate groups) |
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What is (ATP)? |
the energy currency of cells, when cells require energy one of the high energy phosphate bonds is broken, and energy is released |
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Atomic Weight |
# of protons + # of neutrons |
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Cells are |
the smallest unit of life |
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What type of cell is this? |
Prokaryotic (no nucleus) |
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What type of cell is this? |
Eukaryotic |
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Function of plasma membrane |
-regulates movement of materials into and out cell - maintain cell structure - recognition of cells - provide communication of cells - stick cells together to form tissues and organs |
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function of cytoplasm |
the material surround the nucleus |
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Nucleus |
contains DNA and controls cellular activity |
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Ribosomes |
site where protein synthesis begins |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
studded with ribosomes and produces membrane |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
studded with ribosomes and produces membrane |
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Golgi Complex |
sorts, modifies and packages protein |
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As cells get larger..... |
its surface area increases much more slowly than its volume |
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What is this a model of ? |
Plasma membrane, phospholipid bi layer |
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The membrane is described as |
selectively permeable |
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what is selectively permeable? |
only permitting some substances to enter and not all |
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Cell adhesion molecules are... |
molecules that extend from the plasma membranes of most cells and help attach the cells to one another |
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Simple Diffusion |
movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration |
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cell theory |
1. cell is the smallest unit of life 2. cells make up all living things 3. new cell form from existing cells |
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prokaryotic cells |
are surrounded by a rigid cell wall |
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organelle |
a component of a cell that carries out specific functions
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eukaryotic cells |
contain membrane bound organelles like mitchlondria and endoplasmmic recticulum and a nucleus |
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surface to volume ratio |
as a cell gets larger, its surface area increases more slowly that its volume |
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plasma membrane |
thin outercover that controls the movement in an out of the cell |
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what is plasma membrane made up of ? |
lipids, proteins. carbohydrates |
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phosolipid bilayer |
made up to layers of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
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cytoplamsm |
the jelly-like substance inside the cell |
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selectively permeable |
permitting entry of some substances but not others |
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cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) |
attaching cells to one another |
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functions of cell membrane? |
maintain structural integrity of cell regulate substances in and out of cells provide communication between cells stick cells together to form tissues and ograns |
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simple diffusion |
the random movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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facilitated diffusion |
the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration with aid from protein |
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osmosis |
the movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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hypertonic solution |
the solute concentration is higher than that inside the bag (shrivel) |
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isotonic solution |
no movement in or out the bag |
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Hpotonic solution |
lower than whats inside the bag |
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active transport |
a mechanism that moves sustances across the plasma membranes with aid of carrier protein and ENERGY by the cell (atp) |
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endocytosis |
the plasma membrane engulf a substance to be ingested and then pinches of the membrane |
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vesicle |
the saclike structure the substance floats of the membrane |
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phagocytosis |
cell eating |
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pinocytosis |
cell drinking |
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exocytosis |
large molecules leave the cell
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cell nucleus |
contains the DNA and main control center |
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nuclear envolope |
surround the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm |
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nuclear pores |
openings in the envolope |
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chromosomes |
threadlike structure made of dna and associates proteins, 23 chromosomes |
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Chromatin |
genetic materal |
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nucleolus |
inside the nucleus that assembles and diassembles during the course of the cell cycle |
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ribosomes |
where protein synthesis begins |
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endoplasmic reticulum |
a part of an extensive network of channels connected to the nulcear envolope and certain organelles |
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rough ER |
studded with ribosomes and produces membrane |
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Smooth ER |
detoxifies the cell of drugs and alcohol |
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golgi complex |
consist of a series of interconnected flattened sacs, protein packaging and processing center |
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lysosome |
contains the enzymes |
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mitchlondria |
where cellular respiration occurs |