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133 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the basic characteristics of All living things

Living things contain...


- nucleic acids,proteins,carbohydrates, and lipids


-Composed of cells


-grow and reproduce


-use energy and raw maetrials


- respond to the environment


- maintain homeostasis


- populations evolve and have adaptive traits

Homeostasis

relatively constant and self-correcting internal environment of a living organism

What do scientist use to categorize life based on genetic relatedness

Domain


Kingdom


Phylum


Class


Order


Family


Genus


Species

3 types of Domains

1. Bacteria


2. Archaea


3. Eukaryota

Characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea

Consists of various kinds of prokaryotes


- very small


- lack organelles

Characteristics of Eukarya

contains eukaryotic cells


-contains nucleus and organelles


what are the 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms

1. Protist


2. Fungi


3. plants


4. animals


How would you Characterize humans

eukarya


anamalia


chordata


mammalia


primates


hominidae


homo


sapien

Characteristics of Viruses

-Not a cell


-contain genetic material but not enough to replicate


-have a protein coat


-contain a few enzymes


-infect other organisms to use those living cells to replicate

How many organ systems do humans have?

11

population

individuals of the same species living in a area

community

all species in an ecosystem that can interact

ecosystem

community and its physical environment

biosphere

part of the earth that supports life

Biology is...

an objective method of understanding the natural world

what is a theory?

collection of principles, supported by evidence (facts), explains some aspect or phenomena of nature

Science method

Based on measurements


From observations come questions


From questions formulate hypothesis


Finally test the validity of the hypothesis

Scientific conclusions are inferred from datas...

Testability, refutability, repeatable

Life at the cellular level is about....

chemical reactions

Matter

Liquid, solid , or gas

Atom

smallest unit of a substance


cannot be broken down by an ordinary chemical processes

Element

the pure kind of one atom

What subatomic particles do atoms consist of

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

protons

Positive charged , in the middle

neutrons

No charge,center

electrons

Negative charge, mass is negligible, # can change, orbit around nucleus, inner shell may hold up to 2, outer shell may hold up to 8 each

valence electrons

outer shell electrons

What percent does the nucleus mass make up of an atom?

99.9%


What make sup 98% of living organisms

(CHNOPS) Carbon, Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous, sulfur

How many elements are important to life

14

Compounds

two or more elements may combine to form a new chemical substance, bonded ions


- held together by chemical bonds

Chemical bonds

-bonds between atoms are chemical energy


-bonding move atoms to more stable energy states


- atoms have a propensity to attain complete shells, to become more stable


Covalent bond

sharing of electrons b/w atoms in the outer shell


(molecule: held together by a covalent bond)

Ionic Bond

loss or gain an electron and the atom takes on a charge


*weaker than covalent bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

-Bonds between already covalently bonded hydrogen and electronegative atom


- polarity- different parts of a molecule may have slightly different charges

ion

charged atom

Law of Conservation of mass

matter is not created or destoyed from chemical reactions

Unique properties of water

-virtuosity as a dissolving agent


-high heat capacity


-high heat of vaporization

Polar:

unequal covalent bonds

Hydrophilic

"water loving"


: compounds that readily interact w/water

Hydroophobic

"water-hating"


: compounds that water forms itself around

Acids:

anything that releases hydroxide ions (H+) when placed in water

Bases

: anything that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water

What can determine the strength of an acid or base?

pH

Why would you use a buffer?

keeps pH values from changing dramtically


Buffers yield or accept H+

Acid Deposition "Acid Rain"

- Air pollutant formed when SO2 + NOx reacts with H2O forming acid


- falls in fog, rain, snow

What is a macromolecule?

large molecule

Polymers

many small, repeating molecular subunits linked in a chain

monomers

the small molecular sub units that form the building blocks of polymers

How do polymers form?

through dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

the reaction that bonds one monomer covalently to another releases a water molecule

What is this a model of ?

What is this a model of ?

Dehydration synthesis

Hydrolosis

body uses to break many polymers apart, requires the addition of water across the addition of water across the covalent bonds

What is this a model of?

What is this a model of?

Hydrolosis

What are carbohydrates?

- sugars, and starches


- provide energy for human body


Monosaccharide

smallest molecular unit of carbohydrates

disaccharide

double sugar that forms when two monosaccharides covalently bond

polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates that forms when monosaccharides join together in long chains

What is the plant storage polysaccharide?

Starch

what is the animal storage polysaccharide?

Glycogen

What are Lipids?

(fats)


-compounds that dont dissolve in water


-nonpolar


What are the three types of lipids

Triglycerides,phospholipids, and steroids

Triglycerides

compunds made of one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids


-saturated


-unsaturated


-trans

What is this ?

What is this ?

A phospholipid

Phospholipid

molecule of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group

steroids

4 carbon rings attached to molecules vary

Proteins

made of one or more chains of amino acids

Amino acids

linked together by peptide bonds


peptide bonds

formed by dehydration synthesis


contains only a few amino acids

Enzymes

almost alwayts proteins that speed up chemical reactions w/o being consumed in the process

What are simple carbohydrates?

monsaccharides and disscharides

Protein structure

- primary


- secondary


- tertiary


- quarternary

What protein structure is this?

What protein structure is this?

Secondary

What Protein Structure is this?

What Protein Structure is this?

Primary

What protein structure is this?

What protein structure is this?

Quaternary

What protein structure is this?

What protein structure is this?

tetrieary

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

RNA is single stranded


DNA is double stranded

What is this a model of?

What is this a model of?

ATP


(adenosine triphosphate)


suger ribose, base adenine , and 3 phosphate groups)

What is (ATP)?

the energy currency of cells, when cells require energy one of the high energy phosphate bonds is broken, and energy is released

Atomic Weight

# of protons + # of neutrons

Cells are

the smallest unit of life

What type of cell is this?

What type of cell is this?

Prokaryotic (no nucleus)

What type of cell is this?

What type of cell is this?

Eukaryotic

Function of plasma membrane

-regulates movement of materials into and out cell


- maintain cell structure


- recognition of cells


- provide communication of cells


- stick cells together to form tissues and organs

function of cytoplasm

the material surround the nucleus

Nucleus

contains DNA and controls cellular activity

Ribosomes

site where protein synthesis begins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosomes and produces membrane

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosomes and produces membrane

Golgi Complex

sorts, modifies and packages protein

As cells get larger.....

its surface area increases much more slowly than its volume

What is this a model of ?

What is this a model of ?

Plasma membrane, phospholipid bi layer

The membrane is described as

selectively permeable

what is selectively permeable?

only permitting some substances to enter and not all

Cell adhesion molecules are...

molecules that extend from the plasma membranes of most cells and help attach the cells to one another

Simple Diffusion

movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration

cell theory

1. cell is the smallest unit of life 2. cells make up all living things 3. new cell form from existing cells

prokaryotic cells

are surrounded by a rigid cell wall

organelle

a component of a cell that carries out specific functions


eukaryotic cells

contain membrane bound organelles like mitchlondria and endoplasmmic recticulum and a nucleus

surface to volume ratio

as a cell gets larger, its surface area increases more slowly that its volume

plasma membrane

thin outercover that controls the movement in an out of the cell

what is plasma membrane made up of ?

lipids, proteins. carbohydrates

phosolipid bilayer

made up to layers of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

cytoplamsm

the jelly-like substance inside the cell

selectively permeable

permitting entry of some substances but not others

cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

attaching cells to one another

functions of cell membrane?

maintain structural integrity of cell


regulate substances in and out of cells


provide communication between cells


stick cells together to form tissues and ograns

simple diffusion

the random movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

facilitated diffusion

the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration with aid from protein

osmosis

the movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

hypertonic solution

the solute concentration is higher than that inside the bag (shrivel)

isotonic solution

no movement in or out the bag

Hpotonic solution

lower than whats inside the bag

active transport

a mechanism that moves sustances across the plasma membranes with aid of carrier protein and ENERGY by the cell (atp)

endocytosis

the plasma membrane engulf a substance to be ingested and then pinches of the membrane

vesicle

the saclike structure the substance floats of the membrane

phagocytosis

cell eating

pinocytosis

cell drinking

exocytosis

large molecules leave the cell


cell nucleus

contains the DNA and main control center

nuclear envolope

surround the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

nuclear pores

openings in the envolope

chromosomes

threadlike structure made of dna and associates proteins, 23 chromosomes

Chromatin

genetic materal

nucleolus

inside the nucleus that assembles and diassembles during the course of the cell cycle

ribosomes

where protein synthesis begins

endoplasmic reticulum

a part of an extensive network of channels connected to the nulcear envolope and certain organelles

rough ER

studded with ribosomes and produces membrane

Smooth ER

detoxifies the cell of drugs and alcohol

golgi complex

consist of a series of interconnected flattened sacs, protein packaging and processing center

lysosome

contains the enzymes

mitchlondria

where cellular respiration occurs