Humankind Emerging Vocab Chapters 1,3,4

Front 1

What are the two laws of Inheritance of acquired characteristics and who developed this theory?

Back 1

1.) Use or disuse causes structures to grow or change

2.) All such changes are heritable

Developed by Jean Baptiste de Lemarke

Front 2

What is the great chain of being?

Back 2

Scala Naturae, or the Natural Ladder, is the hierarchy of organism as determined by God. It is a strict religious structure of life, starting with God and descending from there. This began with early philosophers and carried on into the renaissance.

Front 3

What are the four subfields of Anthropology and what does each do?

Back 3

Biological Anthropology-Studies the long and recently dead, skeletons, and the evolution of the body

Archaeology-studies the past and relics and reconstructs past cultures

Linguistic anthropology-Studies language and how cultures influences it

Cultural Anthropology-Study of contemporary and historically recent
human societies and cultures

Biological Anthropology-Human evolution and variation, human and nonhuman primates, living, recently, and long dead, and uniquely skilled at understanding the human skeleton.

Front 4

What is Taxonomy? Who is the father of Taxonomy?

Back 4

Taxonomy is the classification of organisms according to
evolutionary relationships, broken into 7 basic categories, using binomal nomenclature to identify most: species genus (homo sapiens)

Carolus Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy

Front 5

What is the difference between Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism?

Back 5

Ethnocetrism is the idea that one's own belief system is superior to another culture's-judging a culture by your own morals.

Cultural Relativism is to idea to be as objective as humanly possible when viewing another culture or the belief that all cultures are equal

Front 6

Briefly describe the steps in the Scientific method

Back 6

Observe a fact – identify a
problem related to the
fact.

Construct a hypothesis – a
testable explanation for the observed fact.

Test the hypothesis
• Observe the results of that test.
• Potentially revise the hypothesis.
• Potentially repeat the test as needed.

Either reject or accept the conclusions

Front 7

Identify the important players in Geology. How did they change our knowledge of the earth with geology?

Back 7

Hutton and Lyell brought to light – Uniformitarianism, the concept that geological processes happened in the past just as they do today and will continue to do so in the future.

Front 8

Primatology

Back 8

Primate paleontology, the study of primates.

Studies issues of primate origins and
all subsequent primate fossils up to hominin
origins.

Uses fossils to study adaptability, evolutionary
trends, and relationships.

Front 9

Paleoanthropology

Back 9

The study of fossil humans and human relatives

Evaluates taphonomic contexts, derive relative or
absolute date for fossils, reconstruct phylogenies,
and makes inferences on the behavior of earlier
hominins.

Front 10

Bioarchaelology

Back 10

Human skeletal biology with a focus on
population samples rather than individuals.

Make inferences on the behavior and diseases of
extinct populations.

Evaluate internal and external relationships of
skeletal samples.

Front 11

Forensic Anthropology

Back 11

Primary emphasis on identification of human
skeletal remains in forensic context

Trained to assess age, sex, ethnicity, time since
death, trauma, stature, and other skeletal
anomalies.

Front 12

Adaptation

Back 12

Change in response to environmental challenges

Front 13

Reproductive Success

Back 13

A measure of the number of surviving offspring an organism has

Front 14

Explain the difference between Haploid and Diploid

Back 14

Haploid cells have half the normal chromosomes (23), half the genetic complement found in the gametes.

Diploid cells have 23 pairs (46) chromosomes.

Front 15

Who is Rosalind Franklin and what did she discover?

Back 15

Rosalind Franklin discovered the double helix that we attribute to DNA today. She discovered this through X-Ray crystallography and saw the "double ladder" through x-ray diffraction images in the 1950s.

Front 16

What events happen during meiosis?

Back 16

DNA replications followed by second cell division, which then produces gametes, resulting in 4 "daughter cells" with half of the DNA.

1.) replication

2.) Produces gametes

3.) 2 Cell division

4.) Crossing over

5.) non-disjunctions

6.) Results in gametes (sex cells)

Front 17

Mitosis

Back 17

The process of cell division and replication. Results in 2 somatic cells.

Results in trillions of cells with exact same
DNA.

Diploid cells.

Front 18

Allele

Back 18

Alternate forms of a gene.

A variant sequence of nucleotides in a gene" a form of a gene.

Front 19

Gamete

Back 19

Sex cell.

Contains 23 chromosomes.

Found in gonads (sperm or ova/egg)

Created in each parent during meiosis

Front 20

Genetics

Back 20

Study of genes.

Front 21

Epigenetics

Back 21

"Above genetics" - environment and diet influences our genes in the future - independent of genetics.

A new scientific focus.

Front 22

Structural vs Regulatory genes

Back 22

Structural: code for characteristics, like eye color (structure)

Regulatory: Code for when to stop or start growth and development (regulates).

Front 23

Chromosome

Back 23

Chromosomes contain the genetic material, DNA, which is wound tightly around building proteins

In the nucleus

Front 24

Autosome

Back 24

carries genetic information that governs all characteristics except sex.

Front 25

Sex Chromosome

Back 25

X and Y chromosomes that determine the sex of mammals. Females have XX and Males have XY

Front 26

Somatic Cell

Back 26

Body Cells such as bone, muscle, hair, brain, etc. 46 chromosomes.

Front 27

Zygote

Back 27

When two gamete cells unite (Ova and Sperm), they form a zygote.

Diploid cell.R

Front 28

RNA

Back 28

Ribonucleic Acid is a single strand that occurs in protein synthesis that travels through cytoplasm. It is made up of Ribose (sugar) and Uracil replaces Thymine in the copying process in protein synthesis.

1st step of protein synthesis involves mRNA (messenger RNA) that is attracted to the "unzipped" DNA strand, copies half of the strand, and travels from the nucleus.

2nd step occurs in the ribosome where tRNA (transfer RNA) translates the message mRNA copied from DNA

Front 29

DNA

Back 29

Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the chemical compound, found in most living organisms, that contains basic information for the structure of life.

Located in the nucleus, and cannot leave it.

Front 30

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Back 30

Homozygous - both alleles are the same in the genotype; homozygous dominant = 2 dominant alleles for a trait (AA) while homozygous recessive = 2 recessive alleles for a trait (aa)

Heterozygous - one dominant allele, one recessive allele in the genotype. So (Aa) would be expressed phenotypically as the dominant allele.

Front 31

Dominant

Recessive

Back 31

In a heterozygous pair of alleles the dominant
allele is expressed in the phenotype. (AA, Aa)

The allele in a heterozygous pair that is not
expressed. In order to see a recessive trait in the phenotype the genotype must be homozygous recessive. (aa)

Front 32

What are Mendel's 2 Laws?

Back 32

1.) Law of Segregation: Every person has 2 alleles for each characteristic and separates during meiosis

2.) Law of independent assortment: Each pair of alleles segregates into different gametes independently.

Front 33

What is the base pair rule?

Back 33

DNA

Adenine goes to Thymine

Guanine goes to Cytosine

RNA

Adenine goes to Uracil

Front 34

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Back 34

Sugar (oxyrybos), phosphate, and base

Front 35

What are the two steps of Protein Synthesis? Explain each step in detail and the end result.

Back 35

1.) Segment of DNA with code unwinds and the DNA message is copied onto mRNA

2.) Translation. The connecting mRNA travels to ribosome and the message is translated by tRNA where anticodons of the tRNA complement mRNA codons.

Front 36

Genotype vs Phenotype

Back 36

Genotype: Genetic Makeup of characeristics in an individual.

Phenotype: Physical expression of a genotype.

Front 37

What is mutation and what the the different types of mutation?

Back 37

Mutation is changes to the nucleotide sequence in the DNA and involves:

Point mutation, Insertion Mutation, and Deletion Mutation

Front 38

What type of mutation is sickle cell? How does natural selection contribute to sickle cell anemia?

Back 38

Sickle cell is a point mutation.

Natural selection contributes to sickle cell anemia predominantly through environmental pressures. Mosquitoes that carry malaria lived near wetland areas, and this is where sickle cell carriers were primarily found.

Front 39

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium and what are its assumptions?

Back 39

It predicts genotype frequencies for the next generation of an entire population.

Assumptions are:

Population is infinitely large

No mutation
No genetic drift
No gene flow

Natural selection is not operating
Mating is random
All members produce same number of offspring

Front 40

What are the 4 mechanisms of evolution?

Back 40

1.) Mutation: A molecular alteration in genetic material
• ONLY way to get new genetic material
• For a mutation to have evolutionary significance, it must occur
in the gametes
• Mutations are RARE and usually recessive

2.) Gene Flow: Movement of genes between two populations

3.) Genetic Drift: Change in the frequency of a gene in a population over time. Involves the Founder Effect.

4.) Natural Selection: Process by which the better fit variants in a population become overrepresented over time.

Front 41

What are the 3 types of characteristics used to order organisms in a phylogenetic tree?

Back 41

1.) Ancestral Characteristics are shared between organisms.

2.) Derived Characteristics are unique to a species.

3.) Shared Derived Characteristics tend in more than one, but not all, descendant forms and are not present in common ancestor

Front 42

What is Natural Selection dependent on?

Back 42

– Variation among individuals
– Characteristics must be heritable
– Environment exerts pressure on individual

Front 43

Evolution

Back 43

Change over time.

Front 44

Population

Back 44

Cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical are and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others.

Front 45

Migration

Back 45

Movement of alleles in and out of populations

Front 46

Gene pool

Back 46

All the alleles within a population

Front 47

Population Genetics

Back 47

The study of the distribution of the genetic variation within and between populations

Front 48

Genetic Drift

Back 48

Random changes in allele frequencies across generations

Front 49

Founder Effect

Back 49

evolutionary process in which a small group of individuals account for all of the genetic variation in a large population

Front 50

Bottleneck

Back 50

Dramatic reduction in the size of a population such that the genetic diversity in the population is substantially curtailed.

Front 51

Selective Pressures

Back 51

Forces in the environment that influence reproductive fitness

Front 52

Reproductive Fitness

Back 52

The number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age

Front 53

Allopatric Speciation

Back 53

Geographic speciation

A population becomes isolated by a physical
barrier and becomes reproductively isolated

Therefore – two (or more) new species
emerge

Front 54

Phyletic gradualism

Back 54

evolutionary divergence is a slow and continuous process that happens over a long period of time

Front 55

Punctuated equilibrium

Back 55

evolution happens all at once in spurts and is followed by long periods of no divergence

Front 56

Parallel evolution

Back 56

“the same organ in different animals
under every variety of form and function”

Front 57

Convergent evolution

Back 57

type of evolutionary process whereby species come to share phenotypic characteristics tue to similar environmental pressures (birds and bats wings)

Front 58

Phylogenetic Tree

Back 58

all life can be traced back to a common
ancestor

Front 59

Assortative Mating vs. Inbreeding

Back 59

Gene Flow: Mate selection is based on similarity or differences in traits

Inbreeding: Mating among close genetic relatives

Both are non-random mating

Front 60

Protein Synthesis produces

Back 60

A Polypeptide chain