Humanity Test 2

Front 1

Turnpikes

Back 1

Private turnpikes were business corporations that built and maintained a road for the right to collect fees from travelers.

Front 2

Corduroy Roads

Back 2

type of road made by placing logs, perpendicular to the direction of the road over a low or swampy area. Improvement over impassible mud or dirt roads.....yet hazardous to horses...shifting loose logs.

Front 3

Erie Canal

Back 3

a canal in N.Y. that is part of east-west, cross-state route of the new york state canal system. It was built to create navigable water route from N.Y. and the Atlantic ocean to the Great Lakes.

Front 4

Canal Locks

Back 4

A device used for raising and lowering boats, ships, etc... between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways.

Front 5

Dewitt Clinton

Back 5

American politician and naturalist who served as a U.S. Senator and 6th governor of N.Y. was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.

Front 6

Robert Fulton's "Clermont"

Back 6

The 1st commercially successful steamboat.

Front 7

The Sultana (Steamboat disaster)

Back 7

April 27, 1865, 4 boilers exploded killing 1800 passengers.

Front 8

"Rocket"

Back 8

was not the 1st steamboat, but the 1st to bring together several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day. Built by Robert Stephensons company.

Front 9

"The John Bull"

Back 9

Sept. 1831, British built railroad steam locomotive that operated in the U.S. Oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the smithsonian institution operated in 1981. Built by Robert Stephensons Company

Front 10

Peter Cooper's "Tom Thumb"

Back 10

"The father of locomotive System in America."

He built the 1st successful steam american locomotive designed in the U.S.

Front 11

American Railroad innovations (bogie wheels, gravel under tracks, cowcatchers, taller smokestacks)

Back 11

Bogie wheels- Framework carrying wheels

Gravel under tracks - prevent tracks from moving/shifting.

Cowcatchers- A device in front of the train to clear obstacles off the track.

Taller smokestacks - to release air pollutants high into the atmosphere.

Front 12

Promontory Point, Utah Territory (transcontinental railroad completion point)

Back 12

The 1st transcontinental railroad in the U.S. was officially completed on May 10, 1869.

Front 13

Galileo's pendulum

Back 13

Galileo was intrigued by the back and forth motion of a suspended weight. He discovered that the period of swing of a pendulum is independant of its amplitude.

Front 14

Huygen's pendulum and balance spring clocks

Back 14

He patented the 1st working pendulum clock in 1656 and later devised a water regulator called a balance spring. These inventions became standard components for keeping good time.

Front 15

Aaron Dennison's "soldier watch"

Back 15

He was the 1st to adapt to interchangable parts to the production of the pocket watch. he put time keeping in the hands or pockets to soldiers, marketed with time on the hands during the civil war.

Front 16

William Allens campaign to standardized time

Back 16

the creation of time zones was necessitated by the railroads, to keep and coordinate their schedules.

Front 17

Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail (telegraph and "Morse" code)

Back 17

Samuel dispatched the 1st telegraph to Alfred Vail. Morse code- a set of signals that represent language.

Front 18

"What Hath God Wrought?"

Back 18

Samuel Morse dispatched the 1st telegraph message.

Front 19

Fox Sisters and Spiritualism

Back 19

3 sisters from N.Y., creation of spiritualism, then admits later that it was a hoax.

Front 20

New immigrants

Back 20

New immigrants came from southern or eastern europe, not protestant-were catholic, orthodox, jewish, illeterate, short and dark, etc....

Italians, Poles, eastern european Jew.

why: easily manipulated, the opposite of old immigrants

Front 21

Ellis Island

Back 21

In upper N.Y. Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the U.S., as the busiest immigrant station for over 60 years. The island was made part of the statue of liberty national museum in 1865 and hosted a museum of immigration since 1990.

Front 22

Michael Faraday

Back 22

English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discovery include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

Front 23

Edison's Menlo Park Laboratory

Back 23

Thomas Edison was behind the formation of the 1st industrial research laboratory, Menlo Park. A team of inventors would work together to create new inventions- "Invention Factory" and "the wizard of Menlo Park": light bulb, phonograph, electrical systems, motion pictures.

Front 24

"Mary had a little lamb"

Back 24

The rhyme was the 1st they recorded by Thomas Edison on his newly invented phonograph in 1877.

Front 25

Lewis Latimer ("Latimer the Patenter")

Back 25

Black man, patented - toilet systems for railroad cars, Alexander Bells telephone, the "process of manufacturing carbons", Edison electric lights.

Front 26

Nikola Tesla

Back 26

Serbian-american inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer. Designed the modern alternating current electricity supply system.

Front 27

The current war (ac vs. dc)

Back 27

Edison -direct current (dc)

Tesla - alternating current (ac)

Edison tried to discredit Tesla by electrocuting animals. It's still not over.

Front 28

George westinghouse

Back 28

American entrepreneur and engineer invented the railway airbrake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, gaining his 1st patent at 19. He was Edison main rival with ac current.

He teamed up with Tesla

Front 29

The World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893)

Back 29

Worlds fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus arrrival in the new world in 1492.

Front 30

"Watson! Come here, I need you!"

Back 30

Alexander Graham Bell - 1st successful experiment with the telephone.

Front 31

Alexander Graham Bell

Back 31

Scientist, inventor,engineer, and innovator who is credited with patenting the 1st practical telephone.

Front 32

Elisha Gray

Back 32

Bells rivalry in the invetion of the telephone. Some argue that he was the true inventor of the telephone because Alexander Bell stole the idea of the liquid transmitter from him.

He supply telegraph equipment to Western Union. He invented self adjusting telegraph relay that adapted to telephone line.

Front 33

Jospeh "the Real McCoy" ("Emperor of the Cattle Kingdom")

Back 33

He made good on his pledge to Texas ranchers that if they would drive the texas longhorns from texas to kansas that he would have them shipped by rail to other markets and would receive a good price for their stock.

Front 34

The "chain System" (in meat processing)

Back 34

From the stockyard, the herds penultimate stops were the slaughterhouse, then refrigerated box cars

Front 35

Philip Amour and Gustavus Swift

Back 35

He founded meat packing empire in the midwest during the late 19th century. He also developed the 1st practical ice-cooled railroad car....ship dressed meats to all parts of the country. "era of cheap meat" - pioneered the use of animal by products - soap, glue, fertilizer, etc....

Front 36

Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"

Back 36

Sinclair exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry causing an uproar, leading to Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act.

Front 37

Molly Miguires

Back 37

An Irish 19th century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the eastern U.S. known for their activism among Irish-Americans and Irish immigrant miners in Pennsylvania. They were ruthless. They were convicted of murder and other crimes and were executed by hanging in 1877 and 1878 (20 suspects).

Front 38

"Breaker Boys"

Back 38

was a coal-mining worker in the U.S. and U.K. whose job was to seperate impurities from coal by hand in a coal breaker. Were primary children.

Front 39

"The Breakers" and "The Biltmore"

Back 39

Breakers is a Vanderbilt mansion located in Newport R.I. George Washington Vanderbilt built a mansion "The Biltmore" in Asheville as his siblings did in R.I.

Front 40

Horatio Alger

Back 40

Best known for his many young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle class security and comfort through hard work , determination, courage, and honesty - "Ragged Dick"

Front 41

Ida Tarbell

Back 41

Teacher, author, and journalist. "Muckrackers" - pioneered investigative journalism. Known for "The history of the standard oil company" - exposed oil companies.

Front 42

Herbert Spenser and William Graham Sumner ("social Darwinism")

Back 42

Sumner- introduced the term "ethnocentrism" to identify the roots of imperialism, which strongly opposed.

Spenser - developed on all - embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind and human culture and societies.

Front 43

Social mobility studies

Back 43

Movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratifcation.

Front 44

Terrence Powderly and the Knights of Labor

Back 44

An american attorney, labor union leader and politician, best known as the head of the knights of Labor in the late 1880's.

Front 45

Samuel Gompers and the A. F. L.

Back 45

Was the 1st and longest -serving president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). he structured it.

Front 46

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party of America

Back 46

American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial workers of the world. Ran for President 5 times.

Front 47

Haymarket Square

Back 47

It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for 8 hr day and in reacting to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police. Someone threw dynamite.

Front 48

The Pullman Strike

Back 48

1894 - one of the most influential events in the history of labor. Began as an walkout by railroad workers in the company town of Pullman, Illinois, escalated into the countrys 1st national strike.

Front 49

The Homestead strike

Back 49

workers belonging to the Amalgamated association of Iron and steel workers struck the Carnegie steel company of Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut.

Front 50

Alexander Berkaman and Emma Goldman ("Anarchism")

Back 50

anarchist, both served 2 years in jail for conspiring to "induce persons not to register" for the newly instated draft.

Front 51

Triangle Factory Fire

Back 51

deadliest factory fire in the history of the U.S. - Manhatten, 1911

Front 52

Memorial Day Massacre

Back 52

Chicago police dept. shot and killed 10 unarmed demonstrators in Chicago on May 30, 1937. Took place during the "The little steel strike" in the U.S.

Front 53

Dumbbell tenements

Back 53

narrow airshafts running on the middle of each side, trying to preserve space. Like living around a sewer. reconstructed by 1901.

Front 54

Louis Daguerre (invention of photography)

Back 54

one of the fathers of photography. Invented daguerreotype process of photography.

Front 55

Lewis Hine and Jacob Riis (photography for social justice)

Back 55

Riis- social reformer, "muckrackers" journalist and social documentary photographer.

Hine- sociologist and photographer. His photographs were instrumental in changing child labor laws in the U.S.

Front 56

Muckrackers

Back 56

journalist that exposed social ills, and corporate and political corruption.