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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific Revolution
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-Revolution replaced medieval view of universe with new cosmology
+Cosmology: origins, structure, and space-time relationships of universe -thinkers affirmed individuals ability to know natural world through: +mathmatical reasoning +direct observations +controlled experimentation -medieval view of universe rooted Aristotles's cosmology as developed by Ptolemy and teaching of Roman Catholic Chruch |
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Characteristics of medieval view of universe
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-earth stationary and stands at center of universe just above hell
-seven planents revolve around earth -Earth not planet (didn't revolve) -sphere of fixed stars -Beyond stars lies 3 heavenly spheres; outermost belonging to God +So..God created universe for humanity and salvation was ultimate aim of life +So..Aristotle's cosmology reigns supreme in west for more than 1500 years... =Mars ~roughly June-Aug., travel backwards in sky: retrograde motion ~it's problem b/c cosmology of Aristotle's (crystal spheres can't explain it) |
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Claudius Ptolemy
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-attempted to solve problem within paranameters of geocentric Aristotelian model (with its circular orbits and crystal spheres, developing idea of epicycles
-Renaissance, Aristotelian model could no longer support new observations of heavens being made by astronomers |
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Nikolas Kopernig (Copernicus)
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-developed new model of solar system placed sun at center (heliocentric)
-Wrong about placement of universe=wrong about something else as well -system based on mathematical calculations and maintained circular orbits described by Aristotle. +accurately described, predicted retrograde motion of Mars -observations of cosmos became more detailed and sophisticated so did problems with Aristotle's cosmology |
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Tycho Brahe
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-Danish astronomer
-founded and operated European observatory near Copenhagen +Designed, built, and calibrated new instruments +changed observational practice, waiting bodies throughout orbit rather than at certain points +observed Cassiopia Nova and Comet of 1577, demonstrating heavens changeable, rather than prefect (as Aristotle had predicted and crystal spheres couldn't exist) +observations and data later aided Johannes Kepler in devleopment of his law of planetary motion |
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Nicolo Tartaglia
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-In Veince
-Mathematician challenged Aristotle's ideas about paths of projectiles *first time laws that govern heaven, govern earth |
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Johannes Kepler
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-In Copenhagen
-replaces Brahae when he leaves Royal Observatory +Tartaglia shown movement of projectiles on earth had same curved motion as heavenly bodies +Brahe's data demonstrated heavens changeable and theory of crystal spheres impossible +Kepler uses data complied by Brahe, discovered heavenly bodies moved according to specific and observable natural laws -Kepler's Laws +Plantetary orbit are elliptical with sun at one of focal points +Speed of planet varies so radius to sun sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time +length of time required to revolve around sun is propotional to long distance of its orbital ellipse *Heavens are predictable because laws apply to earth as well as heavens=send people to moon by predicting planet movement) -First to: +correctly explain planetary motion (founder of celestical mechanics) +describe precise, verifiable and universal natural laws +develop mathematical foundation of calculus |
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Galileo Galilei
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-used scientific method to show that natural laws in heaven also operate on earth
+mthode recreated naturally-occuring phenomena in controlled setting so variables could be eliminated and precise measurements taken. Hypothees about phenomena can be tested and confirmed +first to use refracting telescope for scientific discovery and used it to collect data that confirmed Copernicus heliocentric system: =discovered moon has craters: other matter can crash=not perfect =found Jupiter has moons:bodies revolve around other bodies =discovered sun has spots:planets not perfect =obesereved that Venus has phases (just like moon):revolve around sun +Conducted earthly experiments: =found pull of gravity is independent of object's mass (leaning tower of Pisa experiment)=law of constant acceleration (gravitational constant) =developed more precise ways of measuring time (using pendulums and water clocks) +introduced objectivity into science, minimializing direct physical and sensory experience in recording of data, minimilizing personal bais of investigator |
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Development of Formal Thought and rationalism
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-Francis Bacon
+Father of inductive reasoning +denounced universities for repeating Aristotelian concepts without understanding and thinking them through +Induction is logic of scientific discovery (specific to general principal) -Rene Descartes +stressed discovering truth using deductive reasoning +point out bais in what he learned from experience +searched for single self-evident truth from which he could deductively find other truths (general principal applied to specific) |
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Sir Issac Newton
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-finally destructed medieval unverise
-Principia Mathematica book, revised Keplers laws into complete mathematical picture of solar system +Laws of Motion =Law of interia ~body in motion stays in motion and body at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by force =law of momentum ~velocity of object will change when acted upon by outside force, expressed by equation F=ma (F=force, m=mass, a=acceleration) change in velocity/period of time =Law of reaction ~for every action(force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (explains both lift and thrust) +Mathematical model of gravity =law of gravity ~gravitational force of two objects for each other is directly proportional to product of their masses and inversely related to square of distance between them ~gravitational force gets greater when bodies get closer and mass gets greater, same is true inversly ~relationship works well except at very high velocities (near speed of light) or very large masses. Took Einstein's Theory of Relativity to work out these problems (E=mc2) |
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Scientific Revolution Achievements
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-creation of new model of universe
-formulation of Scientific method (2 aproaches to knowledge) +inductive(emperical) and deductive (rational) -rejection of traditional belief in magic, astrology, and witches (18th century) -reminder that all traditional wasn't trusted, and authority was to be questioned (even that of the Church) -change in belief system: if universe wasn't created with us in center, maybe we weren't purpose for universe? -notion that universe operates accordingly to fixed laws/principals; there is natural order to it |