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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Renaissance
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-coined by cultural Historian Jakob Burkhardt
+Wrote book, The Civilivation of the Renaissance in Italy =revival of classical learning and ideals =beginning of modern world |
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-Vitruvian Man
-Leonardo da Vinci's -illustrates synthesis of classical Humanism and Empiricism +celebrates human form(naked) and proportionate +used observation and measuring to create (empiricism) |
Revival of Classical Learning and Ideals
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-Creation of Adam
-Michelangleo Buonarroti -illustrates synthesis of classical Humanism and Judeo-Christian thought +God protrayed as human-life=controversial (hubris) +Man created in God's image=good +God a little higher, but almost equal |
Revival of Classical Learning and Ideals
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-School of Athens
-Raphel Sanzio -acknowledges contributions of Greek Idealism and Empiricism +pic of idealism (Plato) and pic of empirialism (Aristotle) |
Revival of Classical Learning and Ideals
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Birth of Modern World
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-invention of printing by movable type
+developed by Johannes Gansfleich zur Laden zum Gutenberg +invention not embraced by all (especially book trade guilds) +new printing shops opened all over Europe and were mix of sweatshop, boarding houses, and research institute creating centers of intellectual and cultural exchange +first 50 years, 20 million books produced |
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Results of printing by movable type
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-literacy rate increased dramatically (1530, half of England was literate) although early books were religious in nature
-Books were published more cheaply, efficiently and accurately -printing and widespread distribution of books created intellectual accountablility among scholars, allowed for accurate bookkeeping and financial records -marks beginning of our modern concept of a "fact" |
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economic changes spurred by Black Death
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-1347, merchant ship returning from Black Sea to Sicilian port of Messina brought plague to Europe
-plague killed within 24 hours of appearance of first black pustule. 20 years, half of pop. of Europe dead (survived plague=starvation) -devastation worst in cities (vermin, overcrowding, and lack of sanatation systems) |
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Danse Macabre
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-concept of visual arts
+dancing skeletons (death) carry people of varying social classes off to their deaths (death is equalizer) |
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-Four Horseman of the Apocalypse
+war, famine, pestilence, death +mentioned in book 6 of the book of Revelations +woodcut by Albrencht Durer |
Varation of Danse Macabre
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Lasting Effects of Black Death
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-create shortage of labor that allowed serfs, formerly bound to land, to command almost any rate of services
-resulting labor market (competition for labor drives up wages), ended feudal (medieval) economic system and laid ground works for development of capitalism -forced changes in European social structure that lead to development of middle class -newly achieved status of laborers decreased power and authority of both religious and governmental institutions |
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Innovations in banking and finance
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-Italy 1st area of Europe to recover from plague (good climate and fertile lands, effective sanitation systems)
-Italians acquired wealth, willing to invest it and created need for managing and regulating transactions -Medici family created 1st international bank +Lorenzo Medici ("IL Magnifico") -Italy becomes 1st social, financial, and intellectual center of Renaissance +international banking system makes safer and easier trade +rates of currency exchange become standarized, stable and predictable +new census of property helps to assess wealth and standarized property values +use tariffs protect home produced goods +financial stablity encourage experimentation with republican forms of government +1st income taxes help finance better public services |
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Diminishing power of Church
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-growth of literacy and proliferation of books decreased people's dependence on church for education and info
-economic success throughout Europe weakened Church's financial and political power (and influence) -corruption and abuse within chruch led to theological and political changes of reformation -secular leaders felt empowered to challenge church authority to further their own personal and political agenda's -development during scientific revolution further eroded reliance on Church authority -rediscovery of classical humanism, philosophy, and culture inspired Europeans to explore beyond limits of Church dogma, while maintaning their identity as Christians. Synthesis comes to be known as Christian Humanism +sinful not to use gifts God gave you +birth of personal God |
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Voyages and Discoveries: Age of Exploration
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-gave Europeans nearly unlimited access to resources and new markets in which to sell goods. It marks beginning of impearlism (which lasted into 20th century)
+strong missionary movement and development of European attitude known as "paternalism" (Europeans better than savage=show others the way) |
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Voyages and Discoveries: Scientific Revolution
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-saw great leaps in understanding of natural laws through discoveries made in astronomy using empirical approach that has come to be called the scientific method
-discoveries spurred technological innovations and further strengthened belief that humans are capable of understanding world without depending on authority |
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Innovations/Breakthroughs in Renaissance art
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-linear perspectative: creates a sense of depth in a z-dimensional space
-chiaroscuro: dramatic contrast of light and dark (highlight and shadow) -triangular compostition: moves eye around painting -oil paint on canvas: gradation of color, layering of color (richness), sfumatd (translucent layers) |
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-Mona Lisa
-Leonardo da Vinci -had all 4 characteristics of renaissance art |
Renaissance Art
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-Sistine ceiling
-Michelangelo Bunorrati -Vatican City, Rome -Book of Genisis (Story of Creation) -fresco -barrel vault |
Renaissance art
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-Last Judgement
-Michelangelo Buonarroti -Sistine Chapel behind alter -Pope Julius II made Michelangelo paint pic on apse -Michalangelo mad at Pope and Baggro (criticized him)=pic of them in hell |
Renaissance Art
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-Pieta ("Pity")
-Michaelangelo Buonarroti -St. Peter's Cathedral (Vatican City, Rome) -Mary(17) holding Jesus(33)dead +age of Mary gives her innocence, spirtural purity -Mary's face expresses acceptance of son's fate and sadness of loss -Can feel the dead weight of Jesus's limp body -Sculpture cast shadows like a real face -triangular compostiion |
Renaissance Art
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-Moses
-Michelangelo Buonarrotti -Tomb of Pope Julius II -Rome -Pope Julius II promised Michelangelo he could carve tomb statue if he painted Sistine Chapel -statue appears real and powerful -Moses is holding 10 commandments and has horns (sign of divine connection) |
Renaissance Art
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-The Last Supper
-Leonardo da Vinci -Milan, Italy -paint in fresco that didn't sink in because he tried a new mixture -early example of linear perspective toward center of Jesus -St John looks like female(Mary), but isn't |
Renaissance Art
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-Benois Madonna
-Leonardo da Vinci -Mary(6) and Jesus(baby) -Theme: purity, innocence -Mary expression is playful |
Renaissance Art
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-The Virgin of the Rocks
-Leonardo da Vinci -John the Baptist and Jesus (baby) -Face is youthful -charoscuro=depth -landscape similar to Mona Lisa landscape |
Renaissance Art
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-Birth of Venus
-Sandro Botticelli +made many allegories +known for international Gothic style -allegory of fertility, birth, new life -lack of chiarscuro -not perfectly symmetrical but pic still balanced |
Renaissance Art
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-La Primavera
-"Spring" -Sandro Botticelli -allegory of spring -right=carnal pleasure -center=emotional love-Venus is idealized -left=contemplation and spiritual +Chastity looks to Mercury=contemplative life -3 graces: beauty, pleasure, chasity |
Renaissance Art
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-Story of Nastagio degli Onesti (3rd episode)
-Sandro Botticelli -tempra on panel -Museo del Prado, Madrid -momement of energy -girl getting attacked by dogs -man riding horse=lover who was rejected and cuts out her heart -contrast of serentity (background) and energy |
Renaissance Art
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-Bacchanalia
-Titian -druken orgery -circular composition=add to chaos -odalisque: nude reclining female -blending=adds wine induced feeling |
Renaissance Art
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-Rape of Europa
-Titian -shows use of color -triangular compostition |
Renaissance Art
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-David
-Donatello -1st free standing sculpture since Greek times -used a single piece of bronze -portrayed as girly=young -"after the battle of Golith" -Florintine battle gear worn by David b/c he was the symbol of Florence +Milenos was saw as Golith -David=strength, victory |
Reanissance Art
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-Feast of Herod
-Donatello -Baptistry of Siena Cathedral (Baptismal Font) -Flattened relief -Made of bronze -lots of depth b/c of perspectives -romanesque architechture -banquet going on |
Renaissance Art
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-St. George
-Donatello -Patron St. of England -St. George slew dragon -He symbolizes courage and strength -He has roman robes and stature |
Renaissance Art
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-School of Athens
-Raphael Sanzio -Left=idealistic:Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo, Plato -Right=empirical:Raphel, Aristotle -Plato points up (World of Forms), holding book of Teamaus -Aristotle pointing down (World of Experience), holding book of The Ethics |
Renaissance Art
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-Alba Madonna
-Raphael Sanzio -known to paint lots of Madonnas -Tondo:circular painting or sculpture -John the Baptist, Jesus, Mary -Chirascuro=ground, and shadows in dress and land -Triangular compostion -balanced -linear perspectives behind her head |
Renaissance Art
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Renaissance Architecture
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-Church of San Lorenzo
-Flippo Brunelleschi -brought back flavor of Rome -classic, humanistic: cleanliness -post and lintel in aisle's -similar to Bascilica of Constantine -Corinthian column, no fluting -Roman coferring |
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Renaissance Architecture
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-Pazzi Chapel
-Flippo Brunelleschi -Florence -part of Santa Croce -post and lintel -routounda -pielasters=decorations inside |
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-Tempietto
-Donato Bramante -similar to temple of Cybele -colonnade, doric column, rotundra |
Renaissance Architecture
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-Cloisters at Santa Maria della Pace
-Donato Bramante -Cloisters part of monstery, used as a place to be quiet |
Renaissance Architecture
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-Santa Maria della Grazie
-Donato Bramante -Western ideas and Byzantine (large central apse) -Classic Renaissance Italian Design (windows) |
Renasissance Architecture
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-Isenheim Altarpiece
-Mathias Grunwald -Triptych: 3 panal piece -Central panel: crucification scene=1st to protray human suffering rather than divine suffering of Jesus -Below panel: yellowish, rotting flesh -side panels: st. Antony (miricales) and St. Sebation (cure) -piece in hospital +someone suffered more than you did +pray to saints for own healing -Open Doors +Show story of Jesus life until resurrection =image is sense of hope -Open Door +wooden figures =show disastor to triumph |
Renaissance Art
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-Garden of Earthly Delights
-Hieronhymus Bosh -Triptych -Left: garden of edan and creation of Adam and Eve as well as fountain (symbolize nonbelivers and magicians) -Center: garden of earthly delights is sexuality and false pleasures -Right: hell represented as fruit being carnal pleasure, egg=sex, rat=falsehood, torment and music brings you to hell |
Renaissance Art
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