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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Culture
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way of life
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Ethnocentrism
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belief that one racial group is superior to another
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Cultural Diffusion
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movement of culture from one place to another through trade and warfare
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Pre-conceived notions
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an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence; stereotypes
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Paleolithic
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sticks and stones; hunted and gathered; nomadic; equal status between sexes; all parts of the animal were used; natural shelters; colder climates; followed herds; belief systems; used fire
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Neolithic
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metals; farmers and domesticated; permanent settlements; men were dominant; resourceful; tools and weapons; language; walked upright; belief systems; used fire
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Cave paintings
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Lascaux cave; 15,000 B.C; simple outlines; Earth hues; animals were lifelike
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Geography Of Africa
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Africa is the second largest continent in the world; Savannas- 45%; Deserts- 40%; Tropical- 8%; Mediterranean- 7%; straddles the Equator; surrounded by water on all four sides; several major river systems; much of Africa is unsuitable for farming; vast mineral resources; threatened by desertification; diverse population; coastline stretches for miles; most of Africa’s interior consists of a huge plateau
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African Masks
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used for religious, social, war, entertainment and government purpose; honored ancestors; intended to frighten spectators; headhunter masks was used in war; important aspect in masculinity replaced with heads of enemies; elongated and prominent features; used in rituals to protect against witches
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Animism
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belief that everything has a spirit
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Mali
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king expanded kingdom; broke from Ghana; produced gold; ensured peace and order; Islamic influence
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Ghana
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western Africa controlled gold/salt trade; 2 way caravan; attacked Almauids Muslims of North Africa; ruled by princes and officials chosen by the emperor; traded gold which made them rich and powerful and created a strong army
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Causes for the Slave Trade
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need workforce in the Caribbean after the death of many natives by European diseases; high demand for slaves; tribes traded slaves; not new to Africa; demand for exotic goods; cheap labor; lack of unity and technology caused the defeat in Africa; spread of Christianity by missionaries; guns and rum traded to Africa
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Results of the Slave Trade
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thousands of Africans have been moved to the Caribbean Islands; officially ended in the 19th century; slaves were treated horribly and had a negative effect on Africa; disease and vaccination; positive effect on economy; trade increased; cultural diffusion; racism; prejudice increased; African inferiority; social collapse of Africa; hurt African societies and separated families; African Diaspora
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Slaves
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slaves sold between $20-$70; 700,000 children and women are trafficked annually; forced labor where some tribes replaced the positions held by Europeans; women sex slavery is found in areas without effective government control; ritual servitude where young virgin girls are taken for religious atonement for alleged misdeeds of a family member or shrine labor; child slavery ages of 10-18 trafficked from the country to urban centers; boys work like herding cattle, weaving and plantations; girls work domestic chores, childcare and prostitution
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Causes for Imperialism
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Industrial Revolution European Industrialism; social Darwinism; availability of raw materials; potential for new markets in Africa and Asia; internal rivalries and weaknesses of African and Asian government; superior weapons of the Europeans
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Effects of Imperialism
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exploitation of colonial resources collapse of local economies; brutal treatment of local community; worldwide impact of European conflicts; spread of Christianity; Breakdown of traditional culture; new transportation and communication system; improved healthcare and education; growth of nationalism
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Pan- Africanism
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unifying all of Africa; “Africa for Africans”
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Nationalism
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sense of pride and devotion to one’s country
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Apartheid
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policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race; Sharpeville massacre; Desmond Tutu; Nelson Mandela; F.W. de Klerk; Steve Biko
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Things Fall Apart (Chinua Achebe)
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connections to Imperialism and tribal culture; tragic hero and how his flaw (hubris) leads to his own demise; describes the effects of colonialism
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Tragedy
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drama where the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances. Ex, Okonkwo kills himself because he cannot adapt to the changes
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Tragic Hero
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main character in a tragedy (Okonkwo)
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“The Second Coming” (William Butler Yeats)
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allusion to Things Fall Apart
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Mayans
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Location Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula) to Guatemala; Farming cleared dense forests, built raised fields for channels of water to flow, corn and cotton, surplus; Government city- states, king was a religious and military leader; Religion Gods control nature, polytheistic; Achievements and Decline Architecture, science and astronomy, 365 ¼ day calendar, number 0, declined in the 800 to 900s, rebellions
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Aztecs
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Location north and west of Mayan lands, 1200s- 1400s, plateau; Government conquest, empire, prisoners of war used as slaves and sacrifices, nobles choose ruler; Religion polytheistic, priest powerful, temples, Quetzalcoatl (main god); Tenochtitlan had 150,000 people, largest city in world at time, busy market; Education boys and girls went to schools, learned civics, history and religion, boys study war, girl study domestics; Women own property and could remarry when husband died, priestess, weavers, musicians, made food and clothes; Decline Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs
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Incas
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Location late 1400s, 2500 miles, Cuzco, Peru; Farming million people, conflicts and irrigation, fertilizer, corn, potatoes and beans; Religion- polytheistic, believed royal family came from sun god, temple of sun in Cuzco, temple of moon; Government emperor owned everything, ruled with nobles and priests; Road Systems provided routs for army and messengers, all roads lead to Cuzco, 12000 miles of roads, went through mountains, relay systems, trade; Record Keeping quipus (talking knots), made from colored dried cotton thread, numerical cords with numeric values, base-ten positional system, 2000 cords. Decline Francisco Pizzaro defeated them, 1532- 1535
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Exploration
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Spain and Portugal ruled Latin America for almost 300 years; other European countries fought for control of many areas, but the strongest influence was from the Spanish
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Encomienda System
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Spanish settlers had the right to demand taxes and labor from the natives; deaths from disease, dangerous working conditions, poor food quality
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Social Hierarchy
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system by which society ranks categories of people; King (ruling from Spain) Viceroys (Sent to the Americas from Spain to rule, appointed by king and council) Creoles (Children/ Grandchildren of Spanish sent by king, owned haciendas, Spanish for estate or plantation) Mestizos (half European half Native American, often poor but free) and Melattos (half European half African) Slaves (African or Native to Latin America, haciendas or mine, miserable)
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Independence Movements
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1960s and 70s military dictatorships rise; Fidel Castro (50s) rebelled against corrupt dictators and seized power and maintained rule for more than 30 years under a socialist nation; stepped down in 2008 but remained secretary of state of the communist party
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Magic Realism
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transforms common everyday life into unreal one; time is distorted; everything has a deeper meaning; surreal; characters accept bizarre events without question; rich in sensory details; incorporates legend or folktale; ends leaving reader uncertain
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Gabriel Garcia- Márquez
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Colombian; Nobel Peace Prize winner (1982); leftist perspective; love, death, power and human freedom; Macondo (small and rural)
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Octavio Paz
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Mexican; incorporates the mood in the opening paragraph in “The Blue Bouquet” is eerie and mysterious; the light eyes symbolize the desire to stop them from seeing things the “American” way; In “The Street” , the setting is figurative because is describes emptiness; Octavio Paz repeats the word nobody
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Pablo Neruda
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Chilean; (theme) absence or loneliness and the need to obliterate it; optimism and vitality; (elements) women are associated with elements of the earth; untamed aspects of nature; “fishermen in the cold sea would not harm whales and the man gathering salt would not look at his hurt hands.” “Keeping Quiet”
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Isabel Allende
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Chilean; niece of Salvador Allende, president of Chile, assassinated in 1973
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Alfonso Cortez
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Nicaraguan; emotional and spiritual; El Poeta Loco
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Mario Vargas Llosa
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Peruvian; violence (hatred, injustice, machismo, adolescence, military), peer pressure (weak vs. strong), setting (night/dusk, cloudy, rainy, Lima, Minaflores)
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Judaism
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Hebrews- Canaan (Israel/Palestine); Abraham is the first Patriarch of the Jews; led the Jews from Mesopotamia to Canaan; Division of Israel At the time of King Solomon's death, the people approached his successor, Rechav'am and asked him to ease up on their tax burden. When he refused, they broke away under their spokesman, Yerav'am and formed a separate kingdom composed of ten of the twelve tribes. Rechav'am was left with the two tribes of Judah and Benjamin. This state of affairs continued throughout the period of the Kings. Solomon was praised for wisdom and understanding; tired to increase Ideal’s influence by negotiating with Egyptian and Mesopotamian empires; 10 commandments are laws that Jews believed God gave them through Moses; religious duties and rules for moral conduct; Torah is most sacred Hebrew text
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Christianity
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Jesus was a Jew; born in Nazareth; preached new religion; crucified; Messiah is a deliverer chosen by God; Bible is the holy text of the Christians; Parables are simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels
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Islam
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Muhammad is the prophet of Islam; Caliphs are Chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad; 5 pillars are daily duties and moral conduct of the Muslims; Hejira is the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina; Quran is the sacred text of the Muslims; Martyr is a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs; Crusades are medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
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Geography of the Middle East
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nearly all desert; unsuitable for farming; oil, copper, and fertilizer; lacks water; uses desalination which takes out salt from water which is very expensive; connects the 3 continents: Asia, Europe and Africa; cultural diffusion; Nile Valley is northeast Africa; cradle of civilization; agriculture; silt; deserts; Northern Tier is present day Turkey and Iran; mountains and plateaus; Persian Empire; dry; Arabian Peninsula is present day Saudi Arabia; Red and Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf; small population; little water; mostly desert; oil; The Maghreb is in Northern Africa; covered by Sahara; most population lives on Mediterranean coast; Fertile Crescent is arc shaped; Tigris and Euphrates; invasions; Mediterranean to Persian Gulf
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Babylonia
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Mesopotamia; Hammurabi; Code of Hammurabi “eye for eye”; powerful
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Phoenicians
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sea traders; sold purple clothes throughout the Mediterranean; :Carriers of Civilization”; developed the alphabet; traders that lived in city states; Tyre and Carthage
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Islamic Art
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Calligraphy; mosaic art work; pillars; arches; fountains; arabesque,; used Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Persian styles; de- emphasis on interior decoration; extensive use of intricate, repetitive designs for ornamental use; geometrical designs and abstract forms
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Mosque
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Muslim pace of worship
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Dome of the Rock
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- 691-6912; Umayyad caliph; Jerusalem; intended as a victory monument; Dome marks place where Christians and Jews associate with the “creator” and Abraham’s near sacrifice of Isaac; Muslims identify this sport where Muhammad went to heaven; octagonal; uncluttered site; mosaic design
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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referred as the “first great heroic narrative of world literature”; compiled over a thousand years between 2500 and 1500 BCE; many languages, earliest cuneiform; clay tablets; original author was a priest; Gilgamesh was actually a Mesopotamian king; after his friend, Enkidu, dies, he learns that the Mesopotamian afterlife was gloomy and dismal, so he searches for immortality from Sidrui, goddess of wine and she tell him to just live his life to the fullest; In the final tablet, “the Story of the Flood” , which is comparable to “Noah’s Ark”, he meets a king who has reached immortality but he looks like an ordinary man; this was his moment of recognition; it’s not about the destination but the lessons learned and the changes that took place
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Arabian Nights
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“The Thousand and One Nights”; compiled over many years; Persian and written in Sanskrit; various languages; 14th century; became popular during the Middle Ages at this time it was translated into Arabian; the only Arabian work that’s been a permanent part of World Literature; some Middle Eastern scholars do not take the tales seriously; in some areas in the Middle East, the tales are banned because they are considered immoral; prologue tells the tale of how a king went mad and goes on a crusade of madness for 3 years until Shahrazad, the Vizier’s daughter, and by telling him stories every night, along with her sister, she outsmarts the king and stays alive, is eventually released and saves the kingdom; “Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp” is about an idle boy who is fooled by an evil magician but after everything, he survives a lifetime of happiness; some themes are violence, heroism, lust, madness, justice and retribution
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Khaled Hosseini
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Afghanistan; connects Afghanistan’s history and social hierarchy; The Kite runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns; setting is 1970s- 2000s; uses unnaturally good and evil characters to emphasize the main character who is usually in the middle
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Book of the Dead
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ritual prayers for the dead; focuses primarily on behaviors because it explains that one should not cheat, lie, etc. during life
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Expository writing
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to inform and explain
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Persuasive writing
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used to convince the reader
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Compare and Contrast
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to find similarities between pieces of work
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Critical Analysis
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composition that offers interpretation and evaluation of a text
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Style
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way of saying something
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Mood
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atmosphere
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Metaphor
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comparison without using “like” or “as”
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Simile
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comparison using “like” or “as”
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Theme
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message or insight
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Foreshadowing
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clues about what will happen later
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Characterization
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description of character traits
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Plot
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series of events
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Climax
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turning point
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Resolution
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ending
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Tone
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attitude
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Character Flaw
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imperfection or problem of a character
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Irony
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opposite of what is likely to happen
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Epigraph
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quote at the beginning of a novel
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Flashback
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moment in history told as if it was happening now
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Repetition
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repeating something
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1st Person Point of View
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as “I” narrator
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