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Humanities vocab

Humanities Vocab

by gottapass1, Sep. 2015

Subjects: vocab

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165 Cards in this Set

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	Doctrine	The body of beliefs, principles, and values in a knowledge or belief system such as religion.
	Hypothetical Imperatives	Kantian term for actions conditioned on some goal or desire.
	Counterpoint	The simplest form of harmony features at least two melodic lines (referred to as voices or parts) of equal value played against one another.
	Neoclassicism	Art movement of 18th century that drew on Greek and Roman art for models of harmony, idealized realism, and reason.
	Duty-Driven Ethics	Ethical system that emphasizes fidelity to principle and duty over the consequences of a moral action; developed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant.
	Individualism	That which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference.
	Divine Right ofKings	The belief that a monarch derives the right to rule directly from the will of God and is not subject to earthly authority.
	Logic	Thinking in a linear, step-by-step manner about ideas or problems.
	Monophonic	Music that contains only a single part.
	Opera	A fully-produced,multi-sectional work for the theater whose text (or libretto) is primarily sung by soloists and a chorus, and which is accompanied by instruments, usually alarge orchestra.
	Revolution	A fundamental,dramatic shift in organizational structure that occurs over a short period oftime.
	Progress	The steady march of advancements made in certain intellectual areas that allow the human race to develop and grow.
	Rationalism	A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge.
	Order	Natural laws that Enlightenment thinkers believed should guide the structure of civilized life.
	Enlightenment	The period in Western history spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, during which a notable shift toward rational thinking and advancement occurred in science, philosophy, society, and politics.
	Chiaroscuro	The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.
	Fortepiano	An early form of the piano originating in the 18th and early 19th centuries and having a smallerrange and softer timbre than a modern piano.
	Deism	The belief that God created the natural laws that govern nature but does not directly intervene or interfere in any way.
	Monads	Leibnitz's notion of fundamental substance in the cosmos that cannot be divided into parts and which functions in predetermined ways and represents pre-established, universal harmony, the source of which, ultimately, is God.
	Philosophes	term used to refer to French Enlightenment philosophers.
	Satire	Theatrical genre in which human or individual weaknesses or shortcomings are shown by means of ridicule, derision, irony, or other methods, often with the intent to expose orcorrect.
	Empiricism	Philosophical doctrine that says all knowledge is derived from our senses.
	Categorical Imperative	Kantian term for an absolute and universal moral demand or obligation founded on reasoning.
	Clarity	The quality of being easily understood or cleanly expressed.
	Denis Diderot	Worked with Jean leRond d'Alembert to create the Encyclopédie. enlightenment period
	Immanuel Kant	Believed a coherent system of morality required consistency enlightenment period
	Jean-JacquesRousseau	Believed that a person is at his or her best in wholly natural environments and is corrupted by the environments of society. enlightenment period
	John Locke	Published Two Treatises of Government, which paved theway for modern forms of democracy. enlightenment period
	Mary Wollstonecraft	Argued that women were capable of rationality and advocated for the advancement and education of women. enlightenment period
	René Descartes	Wrote Meditations on First Philosophy, a treatise in which the narrator meditates upon the nature of knowledge and human existence. enlightenment period
	Thomas Hobbes	Argued that the absence of an absolute authority figure would lead to a "War of all against all." enlightenment period
	Voltaire	Wrote a satire titled Candide in which he attacks the theological notion that all things, good or bad, happened for a reason. enlightenment period
	Metaphysical poetry	English school of poetry in the 17th century that used metaphysical conceits, complex and subtle thought, and direct language.
	Counter Reformation	The Roman Catholiceffort in the 16th and early 17th centuries to resist the ProtestantReformation.
	divine right ofkings	The belief that amonarch derives the right to rule directly from the will of God and is notsubject to earthly authority.
	improvisation	Variations on amusical theme spontaneously created.
	conceit	A fanciful poetic image or metaphor that compares two seemingly dissimilar things.
	theatrum mundi	The metaphor of the world being a stage.
	subplot	A secondary storythat occurs in parallel to the main story, and which often connects to the mainplot.
	trompel'oeil	A style of painting that creates the optical illusion of three dimensionality.
	Baroque art	Art movement of the 17th and early 18th century supported by the Catholic Church that emphasized religious fervor, realism, and theatrical architecture.
	Charactonym	Literary technique in which a character's name is indicative of his or her personality and traits.
	orchestra	Instrumental ensemble that contains string, brass, woodwind, and percussion sections and typically plays classical or art music
	counterpoint	The simplest form of harmony; it features at least two melodic lines (referred to as voices or parts) of equal value played against one another.
	balance	A characteristic that makes documents come across as visually appealing by ensuring that the weight of sections are equal to those of others.
	discovery spaces	An area of the stage where concealed characters could be obscured and then shown, or "discovered".
	Rococo	Late Baroqueartistic style that was lighter and more playful and used ornate decoration,pastel colors, and asymmetrical arrangement of shell-like curves.
	mannerism	Art movement of the Late Renaissance (16th century), largely in Italy, that emphasized artificiality, clashing colors, and emotional themes.
	fortepiano	An early form of thepiano originating in the 18th and early 19th centuries and having a smallerrange and softer timbre than a modern piano.
	Restrained Baroque	The simpler, less ornate style adopted by the painters and architects of Protestant Europe during the late Baroque Period.
	allegory	A work of art which represents some abstract quality or idea, often religious or political, by means of symbolic representation.
	opera	A fully-produced,multi-sectional work for the theater whose text (or libretto) is primarily sungby soloists and a chorus, which is accompanied by instruments, usually a largeorchestra.
	ProtestantReformation	A religious movementof the 16th century to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in thecreation of Protestant churches.
	nationalism	A variant of patriotism characterized by intense loyalty to a particular nation and its defining features.
	heresy	A challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrine of a religion or church.
	maritime	Having to do with a seafaring population.
	truth	The accurate and genuine reality of the world; that which is indisputably factual.
	allegory	Awork of art which represents some abstract quality or idea, often religious orpolitical, by means of symbolic representation
	viola da gamba	A stringed instrument, the bass of the viol family, with approximately the range of the cello.
	dialect	A form of language which is particular to a group of people, such as those belonging to a region or social class
	predestination	Christiantheological concept that the course of one's life, including all the choicesone will make, is already completely determined by an all-powerful, all-knowingGod.
	individualism	That which separatesone unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophicalviewpoint that celebrates that difference.
	That which separatesone unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophicalviewpoint that celebrates that difference.	Thedeliberate destruction of religious art, imagery, icons, and other symbols ormonuments.
	soliloquy	Speech by characterin a drama expressing his or her inmost thoughts, heard by the audience but notby any other character.
	Renaissance	A period in Westernhistory, from the 14th through the 16th centuries, marked by a revival ofinterest in the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity and a flourishing of artisticand intellectual achievement.
	linear perspective	The creation of the illusion of depth based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge, and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and a viewer increases
	humanism	Thestudy of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures.
	self-fashioning	The process offashioning one's individual sense of self and public persona according to a setof socially acceptable standards.
	balance	The achievement ofputting different areas of the body in dynamic tension with one another.
	In Praise of Folly	A satirical essay written by Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) in which he criticizes the abuses and corruption of Catholic doctrine in parts of the Catholic Church.
	aerial perspective	The creation of the illusion of distance by reducing color saturation, value contrast, and detail in order to imply the natural haziness between a viewer and distant objects.
	papalinfallibility	RomanCatholic doctrine that the Pope cannot err when he speaks about faith ormorality because of divine guidance
	sightgags	Comedythat conveys humor visually, without the need for words
	chiaroscuro	The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.
	Martin Luther	German theologianwho initiated the Protestant Reformation; argued that salvation is granted onthe basis of faith rather than deeds or works.
	slapstick	Comedy that islargely physical, depicted via overly exaggerated motions and expressions.
	Anglicanism	A sect of English Protestantism formed when King Henry VIII separated from the Catholic Church after he could not get his marriage annulled. ________ became deeply institutionalized with the English government.
	symmetry	The pleasing or harmonious proportionate arrangement of corresponding parts of an artwork.
	epistemology	The study of thinking
	Silk Road	An overland routefrom Constantinople to Beijing used in the trade of silks and spices betweenEurope and the Far East; it was eventually blocked by the Ottoman Empire andtravel by sea became more popular.
	Renaissance Man	A term describing anindividual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning manyintellectual and artistic disciplines.
	plot	How the variousevents of a story are arranged.
	Prose	Language that flows naturally as opposed to language that conforms to the beat of a rhythm such as in poetry.
	blankverse	Poetry written in a metered fashion, typically iambic pentameter, but which does not rhyme
	sonnet	form of poem that commonly contains 14 lines.
	classical humanism	The cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on Greek and Roman classic literature, that emphasized the dignity, worth, and rationality of humankind.
	chiaroscuro	The creation of theillusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.
	commedia dell'arte	Early 16th century theater, consisting of improvisational sketches or stock scenes presented on temporary stages by troupes of actors who traveled across Europe.
	Western Schism	The period (1378-1417) during which there were two papacies in the Roman Catholic Church; one in Rome and one in Avignon.
	madrigal	A polyphonic vocalwork, usually written for four or five voices, setting a pastoral poem to music, performed without instrumental accompaniment, and intended for secular use.
	Reformation art	Art movement of the 16th century, largely in Northern Europe, that reflected religious views of Protestant Reformation.
	Calvinism	A sect ofProtestantism established by John Calvin. Calvinism's core beliefs include anangry God, predestination, and strict ethical regulations for everyday life.
	ThePrince	A political treatise written by Niccolò Machiavelli (1467-1527) in which he claims that the ends justify the means and that those with political power should use whatever advantage they have to keep it and control the populace.
	Age of Exploration	Time period betweenthe early fifteenth to the early seventeenth centuries when Europeans sailedaround the globe and transferred goods, food, plants, and people (in the formof slaves) transforming the countries they reached.
	rationalism	A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge.
	script	The readable text ofa drama or film.
	tympanum	Semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway, often decorated with sculpture in the Middle Ages.
	vassal	Someone who hasentered into an agreement with a lord or monarch; usually vassals were providedland and protection in return for their sworn allegiance.
	rhythm	Variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or movements over time; in poetry, the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; in music, how musical sounds are organized temporally, or in time, employing stressed and unstressed beats; in dance, sequences of motions and levels of energy.
	Gothic art	Artwork of Central and Northern Europe which reflected Christian, and then secular, themes, from mid-12th to the 15th century.
	groin vault	A vault created by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults.
	Beowulf	An epic poem fromthe seventh century in which a warrior, motivated by violence and vengeance,fights three battles.
	International Gothic	A more secular style of Gothic art that evolved into Renaissance art (circa 14th and 15th centuries CE).
	scholasticism	Medieval school of philosophy introduced by Thomas Aquinas that sought to combine the teachings of Aristotle and the Church Fathers by combining faith and reason.
	polyphony	Music employing two or more simultaneous but relatively independent melodic lines.
	harmony	Two or more tones played or sung at the same time; the composition and progression of chords, simultaneous sounds, and counterpoint.
	GoldenAge of Islam	Began in 750 underthe Abbasid caliphates and lasted until 1258 when the Mongols conqueredBaghdad; Culture and science flourished, with the first astronomicalobservatory, advances in medicine and mathematics, and the creation of asignificant Arabic body of literature.
	nave	Central part of a Christian church.
	narthex	Entrance area or antechamber of a Christian church.
	barrel vault	A vault created by a series of semicylindrical arches placed one after another.
	Charlemagne	Holy Roman Emperor from 800-814 CE. Also known as Charles the Great and Charles I.
	allegory	A work of art whichrepresents some abstract quality or idea, often religious or political, bymeans of symbolic representation.
	monophony	Music consisting ofa single unaccompanied melodic line.
	Romanesque art	Artwork of Europe which reflected Roman, Eastern, and Byzantine influences, circa 950-1150.
	bodily elements	The four _____ _____, or humors, were thought to be black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood; imbalances of these was thought to be the cause of disease.
	Dies Irae	A 13th-century Latin poem describing the "day of judgment."
	lintel	A supporting beam across the top of an opening, such as that of a window or door.
	troubadours	Lyric poets whooften sang about the chivalric code and epic battles.
	melody	A succession of tones in a given sequence that possesses certain subjective qualities & a perceivable coherence, an inevitability, and a sense of completion.
	Canterbury Tales	Written by poet Geoffrey Chaucer toward the end of the 14th century CE; told as part of a story-telling contest between pilgrims traveling from Southward to Canterbury Cathedral.
	plainchant	The domestic or native language of the people, in contrast to Greek or Latin.
	satire	A literary genre that uses ridicule as a sort of social criticism.
	illuminated manuscript	Text that is decorated with ornamental designs, miniatures, or lettering, often with goldleaf or silver.
	courtly love	The noble expression of romantic love.
	Bayeux Tapestry	A tapestry created in the 1070s that tells the story of the William the Conqueror's invasion of England and eventual rise to the throne.
	organum	Style of vocal music that adds one harmonic voice to a melody.
	epic	Along poem recounting in elevated style the deeds of a legendary hero; any narrative work (novel, drama, film) dealing with epic themes.
	Classicism	Aesthetic attitudes and principles found in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome.
	Golden Mean	Aristotle's term for the desirable middle between two extremes, between excess and inadequacy.
	Skepticism	A philosophy that maintains that there can be no certainty in human knowledge and that mankind should continually be involved with finding the truth.
	Humanism	The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures.
	Epic	A long poem recounting in elevated style the deeds of a legendary hero
	Corinthian	The most decorative of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring a fluted column shaft, capitals with flowers and leaves below a small scroll, and a large base; used more by the Romans.
	Lyre	A string instrument like a U-shaped harp known for its use by the classical Greeks.
	Hubris	Greek word for excessive pride, presumption or arrogance (originally toward the gods).
	Muses	Goddesses of inspiration for literature, art, and science.
	Doric	The simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base.
	Hellenic	A synonym for Greek.
	Kouros	Type of statue featuring life-sized male nudes in a stance in which the left foot is placed in front of the right.
	Philosopher King	A hypothetical ruler, or Guardian, of Plato's ideal city-state
	Catharsis	The purging of a spectator's strong emotions through experiencing tragedy; one of Aristotle's concepts.
	Diction	Word-choice; can be classified as formal or informal, or denotative or connotative.
	Ionic	Classical Greek architectural style that features a fluted column shaft, capitals with volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments) and a large base.
	The Forms	Plato's concept that there are ideal essences of objects or things.
	Allegory of the Cave	Plato's extended metaphor in The Republic that contrasts the way in which most humans perceive reality and Plato's idea of the true form of reality.
	Socratic Method	Analytical method of reasoning developed by Greek philosopher Socrates that asks a progression of questions in pursuit of the truth.
	Republic	Government where supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly.
	Canon	A set of rules developed by the Greek artist Polykleitos for creating perfect proportionality in the human figure.
	Democracy	Government of direct rule by the people, a form developed by the Greeks.
	mysticism	The practice and belief in spirituality and forming a connection to spiritual life through personal experience.
	passion	The evocation of strong, irrational emotion within an artistic or literary work.
	Romantic/Byronic hero	A stereotypical character of a Romantic novel; an exceptional and gifted loner, perhaps misunderstood, who was driven to follow personal passion rather than traditional societal expectations.
	HudsonRiver School	An American art movement that focused on Romantic themes and on the sublimity of nature.
	Industrial Revolution	The 19th century transition in many countries from an agrarian economy to one dominated by machine manufacturing.
	occult	Matters involving the action or influence of supernatural or supernormal powers, or some secret knowledge of them.
	naturalism	A movement of the late 19th and early 20th century in literature and the visual arts inspired by the Darwinian view of nature and scientific means and approaches; also, representational art which retains some of the natural appearance of the objects depicted.
	colonialism	The political, economic, and cultural domination by one country over another country or region.
	idealism	Theory that reality is a mental construction or that the object of external perception consists of ideas.
	transcendentalism	Philosophical movement during the Romantic era that emphasized feeling over reason and the role of the individual finding an intuitive relation to the universe through solitude amid nature.
	slave narratives	Published accounts of American slaves who related the hardships and injustices of slavery.
	exoticism	An artistic trend that took place in Europe in the 19th century, which borrowed and glorified cultural aspects from non-Western civilizations.
	Gothic Revival	Romantic-era architectural movement that employed Gothic forms.
	Transcendentalist movement	Philosophical movement during the Romantic era that emphasized feeling over reason and the role of the individual finding an intuitive relation to the universe through solitude amid nature.
	sublime	A quality of greatness or vastness that is beyond calculation, comparison, or imitation; often invoked with reference to nature.
	Gothic literature	A literary style popular during the Romantic era that emphasized the flawed nature of man and his potential for destruction rather than progress, often through monstrous heroes and/or sympathetic villains.

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