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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A mammalian order that contains evolutionary trends such as traits that characterize the entire order reflecting common evolutionary history
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Primates
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primate characteristic that deals with prehensile or grasping ability
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Limbs and Locomotion
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primate classification that deals with "generalized" dentition
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Diet and Teeth
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primate characteristic that deals with depth perception or stereoscopic (binocular) vision, decreased reliance on sense of smell and an expansion in brain size
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Senses and the Brain
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primate adaptation with a traditional explanation, adaptation to tree living and prehensile hand adaptation for climbing
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Evolutionary Hypothesis
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primate adaptation that states an adaptation to shrubby forest undergrowth and forward facing eyes for grabbing insects
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Visual Predation Hypothesis
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the rise of this influenced primate evolution with fine visual and tactile discrimination
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Flower Plants
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dental formula of old world anthropoids
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two premolars
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dental formula of new world anthropoids
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three premolars
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primate adaptation that involves four limbs for locomotion and the majority arboreal
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Quadrupedal
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many prosimians and tarsiers developed this adaptation to spring away from tree trunks
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vertical clinging and leaping
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arm swinging adaptation especially among gibbons and siamangs
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Brachiation
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grasping tail adaptation only among new world monkey
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Prehensile Tails
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primate classification that categorizes evolutionary relationships based upon physical similarities
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Primate Taxonomy
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primate classification that changes because of genetic evidence and uses "comparative genomics" to provide a more accurate picture
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Biochemical Data and Taxonomy
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some primatologists suggest grouping all great apes and humans in this same family
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Hominoids
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two major divisions of primate suborders
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Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
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major group of living primates
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lemurs and lorises
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primitive primates are traditionally known as:
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prosiminans
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Lemurs are found in:
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Madagascar (island off the coast of Africa)
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Lorises are found in:
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India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa
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Tarsiers are:
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small nocturnal primates found in the islands off southeast Asia
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infraorder that includes monkeys, apes and humans
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Anthropoids
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two divisions of anthropoids
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New World Monkeys and Old World Primates
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Platyrrhini nostrils
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New World Monkeys
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Catarrhini nostrils
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Old World Monkeys
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monkeys found in southern Mexico, Central and South America that are arboreal, quadrupedal and some have prehensile tails
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New World Monkeys
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monkeys most widely distributed found in Africa, Asia and Japan
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Old World Monkeys
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includes gibbons and siamangs, smallest, found in tropical area of southeast Asia, branchiation and distinctive long arms and curved fingers
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Lesser Apes
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great ape found in the heavily forested areas of Indonesian islands (Borneo and Sumatra)
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Orangutans
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great ape found in the forests of central Africa, exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, primarily terrestrial, semi- quadrupedal posture, knuckle-walking, almost exclusively vegetarian
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Gorillas
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ape found in equatorial Africa, knuckle-walking, eats a variety of plants and animals, live in large communities
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Chimpanzees
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ape similar to chimps with a subspecies, sexually includes frequent copulations
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Bonobos
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human family
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Hominidae (includes great apes)
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human subfamily
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hominiae (includes chimps and bonobos)
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human tribe
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hominini
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human genus
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Homo
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human species
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sapiens
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human teeth are typical of primate teeth, dependence on vision, flexible limbs, grasping hands, and omnivorous diets are evident of
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primate heritage among homo sapiens
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dependence on culture, bipedal locomotion, dramatic increase in brain size and cognitive abilities are evident of
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Unique human characteristics
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studied in free-ranging primates from an "ecological" and "evolutionary" perspective
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Primate Behavior
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relationship between an organism and all aspects of the environment (i.e. food resources and predators)
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Ecological
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an approach that focuses on the relationship between behaviors and ecological factors
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Behavioral Ecology
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individuals with behavioral phenotypes that increase "reproductive fitness" pass on their genes at a faster rate than others
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Evolution of Behavior
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behavior and social structure has evolved through the operation of
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natural selection
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influences social structure through abundant amounts of leaves for large groups, fruits and nuts occurring in clumps for smaller groups
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Distribution of Resources
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influences social structure because primates are vulnerable and where high, large communities are advantageous
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Predation
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cost of competition offset by benefits of predator defense
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why be social
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primates solve major adaptive problems in a
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social context
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dominance, communication, aggression, affiliation, and altruism reinforce
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integrity of group
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many primate societies are organized into hierarchies that impose a certain degree of order
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Dominance
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conflict frequently develops out of competition for resources, including mating partners and food
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Aggression within Groups
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conflict that occurs to protect individual or group resources
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Aggression against Intrusion
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the area where a group of primates remain permanently
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Home Range
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a portion within the home range where the highest concentration of the group can usually be found, a groups own territory that is defended against
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Core Area
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behaviors that benefit another while posing risk to oneself
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Altruism
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reinforce bonds between individuals and enhance group stability
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Affiliative Behavior
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tied to the female's reproductive cycle, occurs only when in "estrus" indicating a female's reception
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Sexual Behavior to Reproduction
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permanently not common among nonhuman primates
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Bonding
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mate choice and competition is due to
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sexual selection
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a type of natural selection that operates on one sex, usually males that is long-term and increases the frequency of traits that lead to greater successes in acquiring mates
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Sexual Selection
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presence or absence can indicate mating structure (i.e. body size)
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Dimorphism
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basic social unit among all primates
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female and her infant
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bonding between primate mothers and infants has an important role regarding
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psychological and emotional development
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learned from generation to generation; NOT biological
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Cultural behavior
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termite fishing, leaf sponges, hammer stones and platforms to crack nuts, sharpened sticks to hunt galagos
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Chimp tool use
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tools and dietary preferences
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regional variation
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male bonobos produce sharp stone flakes by smashing stones on the floor
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Kanzi Stone Flakes
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nonhuman communication occurs in a
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closed system
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have different alarms for particular predators, not involuntary, learned, "open system"
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Vervet Monkeys
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can interpret visual signs and use them in communication
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apes
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apes can't speak due to
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anatomy of vocal track and language-related structures in the brain
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Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene
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geological time periods
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Prosimians, Anthropoids, Hominoids, Hominids
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levels of primate evolution
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includes lemurs, lorises and tarsiers
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Prosimians
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includes monkeys, apes, and humans
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Anthropoids
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apes and humans
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Hominoids
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all bipedal hominods (humans)
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Hominids
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apes surface, fossils found in Africa, Asia and Europe, "The Golden Age of Hominoids"
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Miocene
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diverse and grouped geographically
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Miocene Hominoids
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hominoids are generalized and primitive, proconsul is best known, 23-14 mya
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African Forms
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Dryopithecus is best known, 13-11 mya
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European Forms
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Sivapithecus is best known, 17-7 mya
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Asian Forms
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initial divergence of "hominins" from African "hominoids", hominins are bipedal, Hominin refers to "tribe" in new classification
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Late Miocene Hominin
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defining hominids, bipedal locomotion, large brain, tool making
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Hominin Definition
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characteristics did not evolve at same place and time at different rates
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Mosaic Evolution
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walking on two feet, most distinctive feature of hominins, single most important characteristic of hominin evolution
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Bipedal Locomotion
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traditional classification of Hominoids Super family
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humans and apes
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traditional classification of Hominids Family
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bipedal hominoids
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revised classification to include great apes in same taxonomic "family" with humans to be called
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Hominids
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two levels of classification added to differentiate chimps and humans
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"subfamily" and "tribe"
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freed the hands for carrying objects and tool making, wider view of surrounding countryside, efficient means of covering long distances
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Advantages of Bipedalism
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pelvis most dramatic, shorter and broader, elongated in quadrupeds, foramen magnum repositioned, spinal curvature, lengthening of leg, femur angled inward, longitudinal arch, big toe realigned
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Bipedal Modifications
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most distinctive human behavior feature
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dependence of culture
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makes culture possible
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Biology
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bicultural example - did not regularly make stone tools, later more elaborated tools and social relationship emerge, selected for greater intelligence
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Protohominids
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study of early humans, reconstruct the anatomy, behavior and ecology of our ancestors, a diverse multidisciplinary pursuit
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Paleoanthropology
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use skills of several disciplines such as geology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and paleoecologists
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Paleoanthropology as Multidisciplinary Science
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may locate potential early hominid sites
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Geologists
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search for hominid trace and study artifacts
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Archaeologists
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first major category of dating that determines only if object is older or younger than other objects
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Relative Dating
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layering of deposits, based on the law of superposition, lower stratum (layer) is older
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Stratigraphy
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bones incorporate fluorine from groundwater during fossilization, longer buried = more fluorine
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Fluorine Analysis
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uses fossils of better known animals to help date associated hominid remains
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Biostratigraphy
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shifting of geomagnetic pole, magnetic particles act as an ancient compass, point to location of pole when rock formed
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Paleomagnetism
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second major category of dating, provides an estimate of age in number of years, most are "radiometric", based on rate of radioactive decay
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Chronometric (Absolute) Dating
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potassium decays into argon, heating "resets" clock, volcanic rock in East Africa, dates rocks NOT bones, used for old events to age the earth
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Potassium/Argon (K/Ar)
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radiometric method, commonly used, dates organic material, from few hundred to 75000 yrs old, relevant for latter stages of hominid evolution
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Carbon-14
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counts tracks left in crystalline rocks, uranium atoms disintegrate
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Fission Track
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most found in East or South Africa
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Fossils
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Pre-australiopiths, Australopiths, Early homo
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three major groups of early hominids
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earliest remains classified as "hominis", starting around 7-4.4 mya
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Pre-Australopiths
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earliest remains found, nearly complete cranium, Sahelanthropus (new genus, oldest hominid, about 7 mya, late Miocene) all found here
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Chad (Central Africa)
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Orrorin tugnensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Austalopiths found in
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East Africa
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well known, several species, clearly bipedal, relatively small brains, large back teeth
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Australopiths
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two subgroups of Austalopiths
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early primitive and later more derived
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the austropithecines in a second group are still considered the same
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Paranthropus
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one of the earliest of "early primitive" Austropiths
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Australopithecus Anamensis
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an early primitive, includes remains found at Hadar and Laetoli
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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East Africa, Ethiopia, dating 3.9 and 2.3 mya, finds include Lucy, group of bones of 13 individuals, stone tools may be 2.5 million years old
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Hadar
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Tanzania East Africa, dated 3.5-3.7 mya, fossilized hominid footprints in volcanic ash (bipedal)
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Laetoli
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Laetoli and Hadar, 3.7-3.0 mya, more "primitive" (less evolved)
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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Paranthropus and later australopthecus
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More derived Australopiths
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genus of the most derived Australopith, specialization related to powerful chewing, large deep lower jaw, chewing muscles attached to sagittal crest
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Paranthropus
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broad heavy face, very large premolars, sagittal crest related to jaw muscle, concentrated on heavier vegetable foods, specialized on seeds and nuts
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Robust Australopith
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the first australopithecine "the missing link" between apes and humans, not robust
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South African Australopiths (A. africanus)
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South Africa, first australopithecine discovered, "missing link" determined by Raymond Dart, foramen magnum forward under the skull, upright walking but small brain were found here
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Taung
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the first of our genus homo, 2.4-1.4 mya
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Early Homo
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discovered at Olduvai gorge, great tool user, named habilis, larger brain, branch of hominid evolution, probably ancestor of homo sapiens, living at same time as late line of Australopiths/Paranthropus
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Homo Habilis
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relative brain size only increased very little for 6 million years to last australopithecine
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Homo
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no "pattern" in this manufacturing except for early homo
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Tool Making Trends
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