Human Species Ch. 8-9 Test Review

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Geological time periods

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paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene

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Levels of Primate Evolution

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early primate ancestors
1)prosimians
2)anthropoids
3)hominoids
4)hominids

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Paleocene

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65 m.y.a
earliest primates diverging

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Eocene

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earliest difinite primates appear
fossils found in north america and europe
continents connected (until oligocene)

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Oligocene

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early anthropoid radiation
anthropoid fossils from fayum, egypt including apidium and aegyptopithecus

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Miocene

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hominoid radiation (apes) (grouped geologically)
diverse fossils found in africa, asia, and europe
the "golden age" of hominoids
none in americas

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African Forms

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Proconsul is best known genus of early miocene hominoid in africa

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European Forms

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Dryopithecus

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Asian Forms

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Sivapithecus

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Miocene Hominoids General Points

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most too "derived" to be ancestors to living forms except sivapithecus may link to orangutan
Late miocene hominid divergence from african hominoids

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Hominid Origins

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first definite hominids found in africa (miocene)

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Definition of Hominid

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bipedal locamotion
large brain (later)
tool making (at some stage)

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Mosaic Evolution

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characteristics didn't evolve at the same time and place
"Mosaic Evolutionary Pattern"

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Bipedal Locamotion

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walking on two feet
distinctive feature of family hominidae
most important feature in telling is a fossil is a hominid
(brain size and behavior significant later)

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Revised Classification

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Includes great apes in the same family with humans
great apes would be called hominids
two classifications added (subfamily and tribe)
humans makeup hominins tribe

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Bipedal Adaptation

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freed hands for carrying objects and making tools
wider view
efficient means of covering long distances

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Bipedal Modifications

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pelvis most dramatic (shorter, broader, basin-like)
elongated in quadrupeds
Forman magnum repositioned (skull)

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Biocultural Evolution

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most distinct human behavioral feature: dependence of culture
biology makes culture possible
culture further influences biological evolution

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Paleoanthropology

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study of early humans
multidisciplinary science
use skills of many disciplines

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Relative Dating

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stratigraphy: based on the law of superposition
flourine analysis: bones incorporate flourine
biostratigraphy: uses fossils of better known animals
Paleomagnetism: shifting of the geomagnetic pole

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Chronometric or Absolute Dating

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most are "radiometric"
based on rate of radioactive decay
potassium/argon:volcanic rock
carbon-14:radiometric and dates organic material
fission-track

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Hominid Evolution-Regions

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early hominid fossils found in
Central Africa
East Africa
South Africa

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Hominids-Africa

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first found in south africa
east african rift valley
geological activity
mnt. bldg. faulting volcanic activity
volcanic material good for dating

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Hominids-South Africa

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Not volcanic context

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Hominids-Central Africa

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earliest hominid

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Pre-Australopiths/Basal Hominids

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earliest classified as hominids
chad (central africa)
Sahelanthropus tchadensis from chad is the oldest basal hominid 7mya
East africa= orrorin ardipithecus
hominid bc bipedal
ardipithecus ramidus- bipedal

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Australopiths General

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found in south,central, and east africa
genus australopithecus
with several species
some people seperate into another genus paranthropus

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Australopiths

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primitive forms and later more derived
bipedal and small brains

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Earliest australopithecines in East Africa

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australopithecus anamensis-east africa, early primitives
Hadar Lucy skeleton
Laetoli footprints in E. africa in volcanic ash and bipedal
oldavai gorge-louis and mary leakey discoverd first of genus homo

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Later Australopiths

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Paranthropus-genus of more derived
powerful chewing
large deep lower jaw
chewing muscles attached to sagittal crest
they are robust

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Genus Homo

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Homo Habilis (discoverd olduvai gorge)
handyman
larger brain
may have lead to homo sapiens
live at same time as late austra.
evolved into one or more species

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South Africa Taung

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Taung earliest australopithecine discovered Raymond Dart
formen magnum under the skull
upright walking but small brain
named austra. africanus
but report rejected

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South African Sites General

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commercial limework sites investigated
most from nine caves
fossils divided into robust and gracile

no volcanic materials

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Robust Australopithecines

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broad, heavier face
large premolars
sagittal crestrelated to jaw muscles
heavier vegetable foods (seeds and nuts)

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Gracile Australopithecines

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another variety
smaller teeth
lighter faces

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Earliest African Emigrants

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homo erectus/ergaster first evolved in africa
emigrated to other area of the old world
challenges= similar hominids appear in indonesia at the same time and afterwards in eastern europe

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Dmanisi hominids

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earliest hominid outside africa
easternmost europe
republic of georgia
looked like smaller eraly homo specimens from e. africa
ques. what homo erectus first hominid to leave africa? or earlier homo?

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Homo Erectus Dicoveries

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Java indonesia and dubois
pithecanthropus erectus
found skullcap
human femur
called human apeman but criticized but now seen as Homo erectus from java

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China

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peking
dragon bones used as medicine (sold in apothicary shop)
Zhoukoudian-largest collection of h. erectus anywhere
longest history of habitation in the world
cave site occupied for over a thousand years

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Homo Erectus Behavior

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traditional view: hunter-gatherer
hunted and killed deer and horses and used fire
Others reject and say not hunters and didnt make fire but hyena dragged bones to cave but it was not inhabited shaft was a trap and not a shelter

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Homo Erectus African Sites

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East Africa-leakey in olduvai fossil skull
thinner cranium than asian h. erectus
researchers say its a separate species h. ergaster

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Homo Ergaster

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africa version of h. erectus
Nariokotome (west turkana)
most complete h. erectus skeleton found
name for african remains
differs from asian remains bc it has thinner cranial bones
conscensus to call all h. erectus

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Later Homo Erectus Sites

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Gran Dolina Site in northern spain in atapuerca region
earliest hominid in western europe
might be new species h. antecessor

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Later Homo Erectus Sites

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Ceprano in central italy
only well preserved cranium
best evidence of full homo erectus in europe

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Homo Erectus Behavior

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liked to travel
may have constructed ocean-going vessels
embraced culture as a strategy of adaptation

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Homo Erectus Tech Trends

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archulian hand axes-all purpose
biface tools- worked on two sides
butchering animals show constantly hunting

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Olorgasallie Site

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Kenya
thousands of archulian hand tools
remians large butchered animals
suggests hunting and not scavenging
wide geographical dispersion
across more than one continent

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First Migration of Homo Erectus

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very early migration east to java
another early migration to eastern europe (most primitive form of homo)

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Second Migration of Homo Erectus

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may have been one
full homo erectus (physical and behavior)