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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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speciation
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production of new species through gradual transformation or the splitting of existing species
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extripation
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loss of species in a local area, but not the entire world.
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genetic drift
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changes in allele frequencies produced by random factors, result of small population size (amish)
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phyletic gradualism
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darwins idea of showing gradual change over long periods of time. gradual change is arbitrary
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punctuated equilibrium
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evolution proceeds by long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change.
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adaptive radiation
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diversification of a species
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allopatric speciation
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new species through the splitting or branching of existing ones (geographic isolation of a pop. from the parent one, ex. Hawaiin orchids)
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natural selection
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4 factors: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, stochastic accident, and recombination. these combine to provide variation and distribute genes in a pop.
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sickle cell anemia
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causes cells to become stuck in capillaries which deprives the downstream tissue of oxygen.
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malaria
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heterozygotes resists infection because their RBCs provide a less conductive environment for the parasite to produce.
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balanced polymorphism
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maitnence of two or more alleles in a pop. due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote.
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full title and host of lemur movie
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In the Wild: Lemurs with John Cleese
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where do lemurs live, when did they get there, and which species was the host looking for?
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Madagascar, hopped on log and seaweed rafts and drifted across the Indian ocean, ring tiled lemurs the ones that were put back in wild
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why do lemurs need protection
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People are cutting down forests and hunting them for food
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morphology
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the form of an anatomical structure. shape and size.
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primitive traits
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traits of a combination of traits present in an ancestral form.
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derived traits
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evolved for a particular function
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erect posture
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in upper body
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prehensile hands
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5 digits (pentadactility.) fingernails and fingerprints. (dermatoglyphics) tactile pad enhances sense of touch
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generalized dentation
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primitive pattern 3-1-4-3
derived pattern 2-1-3-3 32 or 36 teeth |
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primates have bigger brains and..
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enhanced visual and cerbral cortexes.
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k- selected
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fewer offspring with longer period of child care.
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sexual dimorphism
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different in physical apperence of males and females.
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order of epochs
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Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene.
PEOMP |
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paleocene
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65 to 54 million years old
dominant: small mammals |
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eocene
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54 to 36 million years old
dominant: prosimian like primates |
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Oligocene
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36 to 23 million year old
dominant: first anthropoids |
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miocene
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23 to 5 million year old
dominant: hominoids widespread |
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pliocene
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5 to 1.8 million years old
dominant: first hominids |
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miocene apes
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pierolapithecus - last common ancestor of humans and great apes
sivapithecus - orangutans gigantopithacus - largest primate to live, big foot. sahelanthropus techadensis - may be our oldest known ancestor |
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proconsul
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african apes
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pierolapithecus
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last common ancestor of humans and great apes
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sivapithecus
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northern india and pakistan, ancestral modern orangutan
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living prosimions
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lemurs, galagos, lorises and pottos, tarsies
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lemurs
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*madagascar
*herbivores and insects *complex behavior *mostly diurnal *mostly aboreal *VCC and quads. |
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ringtail lemurs
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*live in groups
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prosimians
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*long muzzle
*rhinarium - moist hairless nose *mark territory *dental - 2133/2133 *postorbital bar - no bone behind eye *toilet claw on 2nd digit on foot *whole hand prehensile (no opposable thumb) |
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indri
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*largest body size 4ft tall
*verticle climber and leaper *monogamous |
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aye aye
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*large ears
*elongated digits of the hand *solitary *nocturnal *omnivorous *continuosly growing incisors 1013/1003 |
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lorises and pottos
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*India, Asia and Africa
*Pottos in Africa only *herbivores and insectivores *nocturnal and solitary *slow moving quad. *live in trees |
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Galagos
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*bush babies
*Africa *nocturnal *Quad. climbing *frugivorous - eat fruit *really big eyes and ears |
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Tarsiers
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*classified as prosimians
*SE Asia island *rat sized *hard to classify *Vertical climbers and leapers *nocturnal *big eyes to see at night (no night vision) *must move whole head 180 *no rhinarium *can fold ears *no dental comb *grooming claws on digits 2 and 3 *only exclusively carnivorous primate |
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solitary/noyau
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*primitive, nocturnal primates
*pottos. galagos, lorises, tarsiers, and some lemurs *individual female and offspring *individual males have ranges that overlap adult femal ranges. makes it possible for breeding |
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anthropoids
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monkeys apes and humans
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anthropoid characteristics
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*larger body and brain size
*no rhinarium *complex social structure *complete rotation of eyes *longer period of gestation and maturation *less specialized dentation |
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New world monkeys
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*central and south america
*platyrrhines - broad widley flaring noses with outward facing nostrils *2133/2133 *3 families - Callitrichids (smallest) Cebidae (medium) Atelidea (largest) *arboreal *diurnal *size 100gm - 10kg |
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callitrichids
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*marmosets and tamarins
*size: rat - cat *claws on digit except hallux (big toe has a nail) *twin birthing *insectivores *quad. *diurnal *2132/2132 *fathers transport offspring *polyandrous - basic unit = one female, several sexually active males and offspring *communal breeding and care |
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Cebids
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*capuchin monkey - short prehensile tail
*squirrel monkey - prehensile tail in infants *owl monkey - hard fruit/seed eaters nocturnal, lives in solitary structure *omnivorous *aboreal quad. *live in groups |
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atelids
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*spider and howler monkeys
*largest NWM *live in groups *eat leaves and fruit *prehensile tail, friction ridges *external pollex(thumb) reduced or absent *semibrachiators - can't do whole rotation of the shoulder |
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Old world monkeys - catarrhines
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*dental pattern - 2123/2123
*complex stomach for digestion *africa and SE Asia |
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colobines
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*spend most of time in trees
*complex stomach *short thumbs *long legs and tails *Africa *eat leaves and seeds *arboreal *slender bodies *one adult male, sveral females and offspring *infanticide |
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ceropithecines
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Baboons and malaques
*Africa, asia, india and japan. *larger body size *arboreal, terrestrial, quad. *sexually dimorphic *live in groups *omnivorous malaques - medium size, complex behavior, from N japan to India and Africa - baboons - sexually dimorphic, sleep in huge groups Hamadryas baboon - females compete to groom males |
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advantages of living in groups
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*protection from predators
*improved access to food *access to mates *assistance in protecting and raising kids *learning |
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disadvantages
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*impose a degree of order within the groups
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factors influencing dominance
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*sex
*age *level of agression *time spent in groups *intelligence *motivation *sometimes - moms social position |
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affiliative behaviors
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*grooming reinforces social bond
*hugging kissing - Alturism *behavior that benefits others while posing a risk to oneself |
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patterns of reproduction
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*k select
*sexual behavior tied to female cycle *permanent bonding not common amoung non human primates *courtship: temp relationship between male and female for mating. |
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hylobatidea
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gibbons and siamangs
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gibbons and siamangs
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*SE Asia
*smallest apes *arboreal only *frugivorous *monogamus - no sexual dimorphism - one female one male and offspring *true brachiator |
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pongidea
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all great apes
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orangutans (pongo pygmaeus and pongo abelli)
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*SE asia
*very sexually dimorphic *frugivores *solitary/noyau - females travel with babies *suspensory, quadrapedal on ground with bunched fists |
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gorrilas
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*E africa
*very sexually dimorphic *terrestrial -knucle walking *folivores - vegetarians *age graded male groups silver and black backs one dominant male - unimale |
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chimpanses
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*africa
*sexually dimorphic *omnivorous *aboreal and terrestrial (brachiating) *fussion/fission social group |
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fussion/fission
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bonobos mate even when the women cant get pregnant. female and offspring have their own subgroup.
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protocultural behvior
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making tools
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fossil
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preserved remains of plant and animals
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conditions for fossils
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quickly buried by
*soil sediments *water *sand *mud *ash |
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rocks fossils are found in
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shale siltstone mudstone and sand stone - sedimentary rocks
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law of superimposition
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the lower layers of earth or artifacts are older than those which lay on top
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relative dating
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speculative based on location, type, similarity, geology, and association
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absolute dating
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specific age of an object..gives a number
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radiocarbon dating C14
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used to date organic remains
half life - 5730 years can go 50-60,000 years |
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potassium argon dating K/Ar
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half life - 1.3 billion
used for rock useful in volcanic regions can only show that hominids have been there by footprints etc no actual remains |
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what makes a hominid
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member of the family hominidae that occured after the split from african great apes
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protohominid
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earliest members of the hominid lineage barely represented in the fossil record
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locomotion first vs brain first theory
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locomotion first - walked on two feet then became smart
brain first - were smart and then decided to walk on two feet |
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piltdown hoax
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set paleoantropology back 40 yrs
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bipedalism
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bipedal posture, habitual bipedalism - form of locomotion practiced by hominids, bipedal macaque - got sick and when she got well walked bideally
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skeletal indicators of bipedalism
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*foramen magnum position anteriorlly, further foward, under the skull.
*S shaped spine *bowl or basin shaped pelvis *enlarged femoral head *knee angeled inward *short toes *arched feet *big toe enlarged and non opposable |
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hypothesis of bipedalism
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good: freeing hands, running after game
bad: looking over tall grass, keeping cool, making tools and sexual display |
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protohominids
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*sahelanthropus tchadensis
*orrorin tuganensis |
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sahelanthropus tchadensis
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7-5 mya
oldest suggested hominid species little prognathism |
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orrorin tuganensis
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6 mya
tugan hills, kenya human like teeth |
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earliest consensus hominid
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ardipithecus kadabba
ardipithecus ramidus |
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ardpithecus kadabba
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*5.8-5.5 mya
*rift valley Ethiopia *earliest consesus human ancestor |
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ardipithecus ramidus
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1992 by Tim White
middle awash Ethiopia 4.4 mya bipedal hominid MNI 36 Ardi - 4 ft tall, omniv, woodland |
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South African australopithecines
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autralopithecus africanus
paranthropus robustus |
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autralopithecus anamensis
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*meave leaky 1994
*kenya *4.2-3.9 mya *facial prognathism |
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kenyanthropus platyops
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*1998 M. Leaky
*3.2-3.5 mya *Turkana *flat faced small teeth and brain |
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Australopithecus afarensis
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3.9-3.0 mya
hub/nexus species lucy! david johansen 40% complete "the first family" 13 + MNI 3.2 mya *pronounced sexually dimorphic, 433 cc |
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paranthropus aehtiopicus
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ROBUST
grasile black skull - 1985 - Walker and Leaky Turkana, kenya 410 cc 2.5 mya |
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paranthropus
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sagittal crest
extreme facial prognathism zygomatic arches 2.7-2.3 earliest robus hominid |
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australopithecus garhi
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1999
2.5 mya ethiopia- middle awash small brain 450 cc prognathic face |
