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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some types of sex work? |
Prostitution Escorting Hustling Dancing Massage Live sex shows/peep shows Phone sex Dominatrixes/doms Sugar babies Webcamming Pornography |
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What are 3 primary concerns of pornography? |
1. performers/workers (labour rights, exploitation, trafficking) 2. impact on consumers (indirectly on partners, relationships, sexual preference) 3. societal significance and effects |
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What are the 3 perspectives to do with pornography and feminism |
1. RADICAL: pornography is an expression of patriarchal culture, women are commodified and exploited, porn is violence 2. LIBERAL: free speech, women choose what they want to do with their bodies, we may disagree with what they are doing but have no right to tell them what to do 3. PRO-SEX, SEX+: porn has benefits for women, sexual freedom, if we want change in the industry, we should not abolish porn but rather make it better for women |
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What is the definition of anti-pornography? (5 parts) - What is the term for explicit sexual material but lacks factors of the anti-pornography definition? |
1. sexually explicit material that is intended to be arousing 2.exploitative 3. degrading: lack of respect 4. dehumanizing: agency 5. may contain explicit sex combined with violence Erotica (no degrading, dehumanizing, explotation) |
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What did Gale Dines and Jensen promote? |
Advocate against porn in the UK, assumptions about healthy sexuality: women are repeatedly pounded, and they don't like hair-pulling during sex, anything out of their definition is pathological |
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What is the definition of pornography? |
Anything that is intended to, used to, sexually arouse or excite sexual desire in people. Representation of our fantasies. A.K.A SEC (sexually explicit context) cultural context (what is considered porn in one part of the world is not considered porn in another) content context (sex scene in a movie) ranges in romance novels to XXX-rated videos tender, intimate to emotional, raw urgent and heartless |
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What are some types of pornography (media)? |
- written -illustration -cartoon, hentai - electronic images - video - camming - virtual reality |
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What are some reasons people use pornography? |
-stimuli during masturbation - entertainment (Star Trek porn) - to get sexually aroused for later sexual interaction - with partner (entertainment, sexual stimuli as part of sex play, to explore sexuality) -as sexual outlet when your partner isn't around -mismatched sexual desire -satiating desires not met in relationships
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What are some criticisms against pornography? |
- belief that sex is a private matter, shared b/w 2 ppl -subverts the common social and moral good (it's dirty and perverted) - obscene/explicit depictions of human sexuality - misogyny, promotes male dominance |
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What are some criticisms and myths of porn performers? |
-exploited - victims (forced into this work) -drug addicts -all have been sexually abused - sex addicts/ "sluts" - all have sub-average intelligence - make lots of money |
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What are some effects on ppl in the industry? |
- Don’t have to have education, special training, previous experience, only have to be of age) - historically, marginalized industry, taboo – little interest in mainstream society - abuse, soft coercion, drugs, etc. (especially in non-regulated industries) - as porn becomes more mainstream → more diverse people entering, increased worker rights |
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What are some unrealistic expectations of porn? |
Behaviour: -always willing, lubed up, and orgasmic -no discussion or consent/dissent - no talking about boundaries -Pornshoots take more than a day, don’t show the uncomfiness and snacks -noconcernor discussion for STIs, pregnancy -noemotional ramifications( as more women are entering the industry, this is becoming more of the focus,relational type) Attributes: -Performerstend to be younger -attractive -women:big breasts, minimal pubic hair, thin -men:big penises, muscular **can lead to feelings ofdisappointment, inadequacy, being abnormal, resentment |
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Postive effects of pornography? |
-normalization of sexuality -permission giving -increased confidence to experiment,adventurousness -correlated with more egalitarianattitudes towards gender -early exposure = greater sexual satisfaction, increased sex, openness,sensation seeking, erotophilia |
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What are characteristics of ethical porn? |
1. safe sex – regular testing 2. content– careful with misogynistic behaviour/themes coercion, unhealthy representations 3. reality– mindful of fantasy versus reality, expectations 4. production– choosing content from production companies that respect employees (labourrights), and promote a healthy attitude towards sexuality |
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Voracek & Fischer (2006) examined female pornstar attributes. What company did they examine the female performers from and how many? |
PRIVATE 120 females |
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Voracek and Fischer found that the optimal WHR for female performers was _________. |
0.7 |
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True of False. Voracek and Fischer found that the most optimal BMI for female performers was 17.5 |
False. 18.4 |
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Voracek and Fischer (2006) found that low WBR was related to what type of media? Why are they related? |
Low WBR related to print appearance - Lower WBR = more print appearances In print, only see performers from front & is 2D so exaggeration of breasts is more attractive |
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Voracek and Fischer (2006): Low BMI is related to (__)? a. increased profit b. more screen partners c. more film appearances |
c. more film appearances |
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Griffith et al. conducted a study about _________ hypothesis. What is it? |
Damaged goods hypothesis: all performers have a history of childhood abuse, psychological problems and substance abuse |
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Griffith et al. examined 177 female adult performers and compared to a community matched control group. They found that performers were: |
- more likely to identify as bisexual - have more partners - more concerned about STIs (if you don’t have a certificate, you don’t get work) - enjoyed sex more/more sexual satisfaction -greater self-esteem (compared to community control) -happier,better social support (better than the control) -more likely to use recreational drugs (open to more transgressing behaviour) |
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Did Griffith, Mitchell, Adams and Gu's results support their Damaged Goods Hypothesis? |
NO-no difference in rates of childhood sexual abuse-No higher rates of abuse |
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Flaws of Griffith, Mitchell, Adams and Gu's test? |
-Social desirability playing some role in greater self-esteem - Not a representative sample: women performing in the most highly regulated porn industry, require optimal sexual health |
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What did Stulhofer et al. (2010) examine in their study? |
- examined early exposure topornography in young men, and current content selection (mainstream versusparaphilic) |
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Stulhofer et al. (2010) concluded that users of paraphilic pornography were more likely to report ___________, endorse _____________ and suppress __________________. |
sexual boredom, sexual myths, intimacy |
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True of False. Stulhofer et al. (2010) concluded that users of paraphilic pornography were deprived of porn at age 14 and refrained from masturbation and watched less porn in general compared to peers. |
False. Exposed to more porn at age 14, masturbated more and watched porn more. |
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Who conducted one of the first studies to address the positive effects of porn use? |
Hald & Malamuth (2008) |
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Hald and Malamuth handed a questionnaire to male & female undergrads to research the positive effects of porn use. What 5 variables did they examine in their study? |
1. sex life - sexual activity frequency, sexual experimentation & performance 2. life in general - life quality, satisfaction, problems 3. perception & attitudes towards the opposite gender - stereotypical perceptions of gender, friendliness toward & respect for the opposite gender 4. attitudes towards sex 5. sexual knowledge |
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Hald and Malamuth (2008) found small to moderate positive effects of porn consumption. This effect was stronger for which gender? |
Males |
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What are some flaws of Hald's and Malamuth's study? |
- self-reporting measures used = possible bias - Nordic countries = more educated, more positive attitude towards sex + and less gender inequality |
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In Hald, Malamuth's and Yuen's study they refer to the acronym "ASVAW". What does it stand for? |
attitudes supporting violence against women |
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What method was used in Hald, Malamuth and Yuen's (2010) study about porn and violence against women? What 4 variables were measured (ASVAW)? |
meta-analysis (9) 1. acceptance of interpersonal violence (using violence) 2. adversarial sexual beliefs 3.attitudes towards rape 4.sexual harassment |
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Hald, Malamuth and Yuen's (2010) concluded that consumption of all porn was associated with ASVAW with a r of ________ (correlational value). When broken down, did nonviolent or violent pornography have a stronger correlation with ASVAW? what are the r values for both? |
r = .18 Violent (r = .24), Nonviolent (r =.13) |
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How did Hald, Malamuth and Yuen (2010) explains the cause of the correlation between ASVAW and porn consumption. |
Couldn't determine cause - found evidence of a third variable, if it was removed all the correlations dropped to 0 |
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What variables did Vega & Malamuth (2007) look at in relation to sexual aggression? |
Independent variables: - - hostile masculinity [HM] – attitudes supporting violence against women, rape myth acceptance - impersonal sex [IS] – sexual preoccupation (thinking about sex a lot), masturbation - general hostility[GH] – impulsive irritability, low empathy -pornography consumption Dependant variable - sexual agression |
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Vega & Malamuth (2007) found that for men who scored high on (___) contributed to aggression. a. IS b. HM c. GH + HM d. all variables (IS, HM, GH, porn consumption) |
d. all variables |
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True or False. Vega & Malamuth also found that men who scored low and moderate on all variables (HM, IS, GH, porn consumption) had no effect. |
True |
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Vega & Malamuth (2007): (__) did not correlate with sexual aggression. a. HM b. IS c. GH d. porn consumption |
IS |
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Rrue or False. Vega & Malamuth (2007), from their results concluded that all men were at risk of increase sexual aggression after watching violent porn. |
False. Only for a small group of men who score high on anti-sociality & HM, does porn consumption (especially violent porn) lead to sexual aggression. |
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McKee (2005) conducted a study on ____ by watching top 50 porn videos in Australia. |
Objectification |
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What gender differences did McKee (2005) observe in the pornographic videos? |
1. women have fewer orgasms(orgasm is the key indicator of pleasure) 2. men spent less time spent looking at camera 3. men spent less time talking to the camera 4. men initiated sex less |
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Sun et al. (2014) looked at college aged men to examine the correlation between porn consumption and multiple variables. What variables did they mention? |
pornographyconsumption correlated with: 1. requesting particular sex acts 2. conjuring images of pornography during sex to maintain arousal 3. increased concern over own sexual performance 4. increased concerns over own body image 5. decreased enjoyment of sex with partner |
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Term for a type of pornography that strips away all production value (pro-amateur porn), with no story line |
Gonzo |
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Name of a report lobbied by radical feminists & religious groups claiming that porn represents demeaning images as normal? |
Fraser Commission |
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Was the claims of the Fraser Commission Report supported by research? |
no! no support that porn leads to violent crime, sexual assault, moral degradation of society |
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True or False. As an effect of pornography use, consumers will narrow their porn preferences and become fixated on one genre. |
False. Consumers will continue to seek more extreme forms of porn |
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Pornhub data analytics team found that women were almost 2x as likely to search for ________ & ________. |
Rough sex Gang Bangs |
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Does porn use lead to erectile dysfunction? |
No. porn use increases sex drive! Just hear about it from personal stories, most likely b/c of refractory state or performance anxiety |
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True of false. Porn use rewires our brains! |
False. Everything rewires our brain (neuroplasticity) |
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Newer research shows decreasing/stable rates of __________ while there is an increase use of ____________. |
Sexual assault Porn |
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What was found to be correlated to the circulation of Playgirl and outdoor magazine? |
Rate of rapes |
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True or False. In places with more access to hardcore porn, usually rural, there is less gender inequality. Therefore, there is lower rates of sexual assault in rural areas. |
False. In places with more less access to hardcore porn, usually rural, there is less gender equality. Therefore, there is higher rates of sexual assault in rural areas. |