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158 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Human Sexuality
The ways in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings
gender
the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex
gender roles
complex clusters of ways in which males and females are expected to behave within a given culture
coitus
sexual intercourse
values
the qualities in life that are deemed important or unimportant, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
Bestiality
sexual relations between a person and an animal
hedonism
if it feels good, do it
asceticism
self denial of material and sexual desire
utilitarianism
the view that moral conduct is based on that which will bring about the greatest good for the greatest number
rationalism
use of reason to determine a course of action
phallic worship
worship of the penis as a symbol of generative power
copulaton
sexual intercourse; latin word meaning "to unite" or "to couple"
incest taboo
the prohibition against intercourse and reproduction among close blood relatives
polygamy
the practice of having two or more spouses at the same time
monogamy
practice of having one spouse
concubine
a secondary wife, usually of inferior legal and social status; from the latin concubina, meaning "lying with"
pederasty
sexual love of boys
bisexual
sexually responsive to either gender; from the latin "bi" meaning two
courtesan
a prostitute especially the mistress of a noble or wealthy man; from the Italian courtesan, meaning "court lady"
sadism
the practice of achieving sexual gratification through hurting or humiliating others
fellatio
a sexual activity involving oral contact with the penis
cunnilingus
a sexual activity involving oral contact with the female genitals
fornication
sexual intercourse between people who are not married to one another; if one of the partners is married the act may be labeled adultery
sexologist
a person who engages in the scientific study of sexual behavior
genes
the basic units of heredity, which consist of chromosomal segments of DNA
evolution
the development of a species to its current state, which is believed to involve adaptations to its environment
natural selection
the evolutionary process by which adaptive traits enable members of a species to survive to reproductive age and transmit these traits to future generations
mutation
a random change in the molecular structure of DNA
chromosomes
the rodlike structures that reside in teh nuclei of every living cell and carry the genetic code in the form of genes
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; the chemical substance with molecules that make up genes and chromosomes
analogue
something that is similar or comparable with something else
psychoanalysis
the theory of personality originated by freud proposes that human behavior represents the outcome of clashing inner forces
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, automatic processes that protect the ego from anxiety by disguising or ejecting unacceptable ideas and urges
erogenous zones
parts of the body, including but not limited to the sex organs, that are responsive to sexual stimulations
psychosexual development
in psychoanalytic theory, the process by which sexual feelings shift from one erogenous zone to another
fixation
in psychoanalytic theory arrested development, which includes attachment to objects of an earlier stage of psychosexual development
oedipus complex
in psychoanalytic theory, a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love; the analogous conflict for girls is the Electra complex
social cognitive theory
a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning, values, and expectations play key roles in determining behavior
feminist theory
a theory that challenges acceptance of the male as the norm, traditional gender roles, and male oppression of females
QUEER theory
a theory that challenges heteronormactivity and heterosexism
homophobia
although this term derives from roots meaning fear of homosexuals, it is usually used to refer to hatred of homosexuals
blindly following authority figures
Critical thinking involves all of the following except: skepticism, challenging tradition, evaluation the premises of logic, blindly following authority figures
Stone age art suggests that people worshipped:
womens ability to bear children
The taboo against ___ is likely to have been the first taboo
incest
Chinese
The ancient ____ were first to produce a sex manual
Havelock Ellis
According to the text, ____ challenged the prevailing British view by arguing that sexual desires in women were natural and healthy
sexologist
a person who engages in the scientific study of sex
empirical
derived from or based on observation and experimentation
hypothesis
a precise prediction about behavior that is tested through research
inference
a conclusion or opinion
scientific method
1/ formulating a research question 2/framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis 3/testing the hypothesis 4/ drawing conclusions or inferences
anthropomorphism
the attributing of human characteristics to an animal
variables
quantities or qualities that may vary or vary
frequency
the number of times an action is repeated within a given period
demographic
concerning the vital statistics (race, gender, age, religion, and so on) of human populations
population
a complete group of organisms or events
generalize
to go from the particular to the general
random sample
a sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of participating
stratified random sample
a random sample in which known subgroups in a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the population
volunteer bias
a slanting of research data caused by the characteristics of individuals who volunteer to participate, such as willingness to discuss intimate behavior
case study
a carefully drawn, in depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires and historical records
survey
a detailed study of a sample obtained by means such as interviews and questionnaires
validity
with respect to interviews, questionnaires, and tests, the degree to which an item measures what is is supposed to measure
social desirability
a response bias to a questionnaire or interview in which the person provides a socially acceptable response
naturalistic observation
a method in which organisms are observed in their natural environment
ethnographic observation
data concerning sexual behaviors and customs that occur among various ethnic groups
participant observations
a method in which observers interact with the people they study as they collect data
penile strain gauge
a device for measuring sexual arousal in men in terms of changes in the circumference of the penis
vaginal photoplethysmograph
a tamponlike probe that is inserted in the vaginal indicates the level of vasocongestion by measuring the light reflected from the vaginal walls
vasocongestion
congestions from the flow of blood; from the Latin word meaning "vessel"
myotonia
muscle tension
correlation
a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient
a statistic that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables
experiment
a scientific method that seeks to confirm cause and effect relationship by manipulating independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables
treatment
in experiments an intervention that is administered to participants, a drug a test or sex education so that its effects may be observed
independent variable
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed
dependent variable
the measured results of an experiment, which are believed to be a function of the independent variables
experimental groups
groups of study participants that receive a treatment
control groups
groups of study participants that do not receive the experimental treatments however, other conditions are held comparable with those in the experimental group
selection factor
a bias that may operate in research when people are allowed to determine whether they will receive a treatment
informed consent
the term used by researchers to indicate that people have agreed to participate in research after receiving information about the purpose and nature of the study, and its potential risks and benefits
the tuskegee syphilis study
medical research gone wrong, moral breeches, lives lost because of hidden information
cliderectomy
surgical removal of the clitoris
ova
egg cells, sing, ovum
pudendum
the external sexual structure of the female from the latin word meaning "that which makes one ashamed" suggests ancient negative attitudes
vulva
another term for the external sexual structures of the female
labia minora
hairless, light colored membranes located between the labia majora; latin for small lips
clitoris
a female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethral opening; extremely sensitive to sexual sensations
corpora cavernosa
masses of spongy tissue in the clitoral shaft that become engorged with blood and stiffen in response to sexual stimulation
prepuce
the fold of skin covering the glans of the clitoris (or penis)
homologous
similar in structure; developing from the same embryonic tissue
analogous
similar in function
menstration
the cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining
urethral opening
the opening through which urine passes from the female's body
cystitis
an inflammation of the urinary bladder
introitus
the vaginal opening
hymen
a fold of tissue across the vaginal opening that is usually present at birth and remains at least partly intact until a woman engages in coitus; Greek for membrane
perineum
the skin and underlying tissue that lies between the vaginal opening and the anus
crura
anatomic structures resembling legs that attach the clitoris to the pubic bone
vestibular bulbs
cavernous structures that extend downward along the sides of the introitus and swell during sexual arousal
bartholin's glands
glands that lie just inside the minor lips and secrete fluid just before orgasm
vagina
the tubular female sex organ that contains the penis during sexual intercourse and through which a baby is born; Latin word for sheath
douche
application of a jet of liquid to the vagina as a rinse
vaginitis
vaginal inflammation
cervix
the lower end of the uterus
os
the opening in the middle of the cervix
pap test
a test of a sample of cervical cells that screens for cervical caner and other abnormalities; named after the originator of the technique Dr. George Papanicolaou
Radiotherapy
treatment of a disease by x0rays or by emissions from a radioactive substance
uterus
the hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops until birth
fundus
the uppermost part of the uterus
endometrium
the inner most part of the uterus
endometriosis
a condition caused by the growth of endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere outside the uterus and characterized by menstrual pain
myometrium
the middle well muscled layer of the uterus
fallopian tubes
tubes that extend from the upper uterus toward the ovaries and conduct ova to the uterus
ectopic pregnancy
a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes
ovaries
almond shaped organs taht produce ova and the hormones estrogen and progesterone
estrogen
a generic term for female sex hormones or synthetic compounds that promote the development of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle
progesterone
a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum or prepared synthetically that stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and is involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle
follicle
a capsule within an ovary that contains an ovum
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
complete hysterectomy
surgica removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
partial hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus, but not that ovaries and fallopian tubes
secondary sex characteristics
traits that distinguish the sexes from one another but at not directly involved in reproduction
mammary glands
milk secreting glands
areola
the dark ring on the breast that encircles the nipple
mammogram
a special type of x ray test that detects cancerous lumps in the brest
mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast
lumpectomy
surgical removal of a lump from the breast
malignant
lethal; causing or likely to cause death
cysts
saclike structures filed with fluid or diseased material
benign
doing little or no harm
fibroadenoma
a benign, fibrous tumor
ovulation
the release of an ovum from an ovary
corpus luteum
the follicle that has released an ovum and then produces copious amounts of progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase of a woman's cycle
endocrine gland
a ductless gland that releases its secretions directly into the bloodstream
menarche
the first menstrual period
hypthalamus
a structure near the center of the brain that is involved in regulating body temperature, motivation and emotion
pituitary gland
the gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin and othes
hormone
a substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates various body functions
testes
the male gonads
testosterone
the male sex hormone that fosters the development of male sex characteristics and is connected with the sex drive
prolactin
a pituitary hormone that stimulates production of milk
oxytocin
a pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in labor and the ejection of milk during nursing
follicle-stimulating hormone
a gonadotropin that stimulates development of follicles in the ovaries
luteinizing hormone
a gonadotropin that helps regulate the menstrual cyce by triggering ovulation
Gonadtropin-releasing hormone
a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary to release ponadtropins
proliferative phase
the first phase of the menstrual cycle, which begins with the end of menstruation and lasts about nine or ten days' the phase during which the endometrium proliferates
ovulatory phase
the second stage of the menstrual cycle, during which a follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum
zygote
a fertilized ovum (egg cell)
secretory phase
the third phase of the menstrual cycle, which follows ovulation; also referred to as the luteal phase after the corpus luteum, which begins to secrete large amounts of progesterone and estrogen after ovulation
menopause
the cessation of menstration
perimenopause
the beginning of menopause, as characterized by 3 to 11 months of amenororrhea or irregular periods
climacteric
a long term process, including menopause, that involves the gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a diagnosis used by the American psychiatric association to describe causes of PMS that are characterized by severe changes in moon and impairment of functioning at work, school or in social relationships
dysmenorrhea
pain or discomfort during menstration
prostaglandins
hormones that cause muscle fibers in the uterine wall to contract, as during labor
mastalgia
a swelling of the breasts that sometimes causes premenstrual discomfort
amenorrhea
the absence of mentraution