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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human Sexuality
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The ways in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings
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gender
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the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex
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gender roles
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complex clusters of ways in which males and females are expected to behave within a given culture
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coitus
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sexual intercourse
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values
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the qualities in life that are deemed important or unimportant, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
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Bestiality
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sexual relations between a person and an animal
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hedonism
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if it feels good, do it
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asceticism
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self denial of material and sexual desire
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utilitarianism
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the view that moral conduct is based on that which will bring about the greatest good for the greatest number
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rationalism
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use of reason to determine a course of action
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phallic worship
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worship of the penis as a symbol of generative power
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copulaton
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sexual intercourse; latin word meaning "to unite" or "to couple"
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incest taboo
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the prohibition against intercourse and reproduction among close blood relatives
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polygamy
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the practice of having two or more spouses at the same time
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monogamy
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practice of having one spouse
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concubine
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a secondary wife, usually of inferior legal and social status; from the latin concubina, meaning "lying with"
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pederasty
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sexual love of boys
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bisexual
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sexually responsive to either gender; from the latin "bi" meaning two
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courtesan
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a prostitute especially the mistress of a noble or wealthy man; from the Italian courtesan, meaning "court lady"
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sadism
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the practice of achieving sexual gratification through hurting or humiliating others
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fellatio
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a sexual activity involving oral contact with the penis
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cunnilingus
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a sexual activity involving oral contact with the female genitals
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fornication
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sexual intercourse between people who are not married to one another; if one of the partners is married the act may be labeled adultery
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sexologist
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a person who engages in the scientific study of sexual behavior
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genes
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the basic units of heredity, which consist of chromosomal segments of DNA
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evolution
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the development of a species to its current state, which is believed to involve adaptations to its environment
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natural selection
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the evolutionary process by which adaptive traits enable members of a species to survive to reproductive age and transmit these traits to future generations
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mutation
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a random change in the molecular structure of DNA
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chromosomes
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the rodlike structures that reside in teh nuclei of every living cell and carry the genetic code in the form of genes
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid; the chemical substance with molecules that make up genes and chromosomes
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analogue
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something that is similar or comparable with something else
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psychoanalysis
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the theory of personality originated by freud proposes that human behavior represents the outcome of clashing inner forces
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defense mechanisms
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in psychoanalytic theory, automatic processes that protect the ego from anxiety by disguising or ejecting unacceptable ideas and urges
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erogenous zones
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parts of the body, including but not limited to the sex organs, that are responsive to sexual stimulations
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psychosexual development
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in psychoanalytic theory, the process by which sexual feelings shift from one erogenous zone to another
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fixation
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in psychoanalytic theory arrested development, which includes attachment to objects of an earlier stage of psychosexual development
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oedipus complex
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in psychoanalytic theory, a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love; the analogous conflict for girls is the Electra complex
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social cognitive theory
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a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning, values, and expectations play key roles in determining behavior
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feminist theory
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a theory that challenges acceptance of the male as the norm, traditional gender roles, and male oppression of females
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QUEER theory
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a theory that challenges heteronormactivity and heterosexism
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homophobia
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although this term derives from roots meaning fear of homosexuals, it is usually used to refer to hatred of homosexuals
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blindly following authority figures
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Critical thinking involves all of the following except: skepticism, challenging tradition, evaluation the premises of logic, blindly following authority figures
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Stone age art suggests that people worshipped:
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womens ability to bear children
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The taboo against ___ is likely to have been the first taboo
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incest
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Chinese
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The ancient ____ were first to produce a sex manual
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Havelock Ellis
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According to the text, ____ challenged the prevailing British view by arguing that sexual desires in women were natural and healthy
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sexologist
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a person who engages in the scientific study of sex
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empirical
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derived from or based on observation and experimentation
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hypothesis
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a precise prediction about behavior that is tested through research
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inference
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a conclusion or opinion
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scientific method
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1/ formulating a research question 2/framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis 3/testing the hypothesis 4/ drawing conclusions or inferences
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anthropomorphism
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the attributing of human characteristics to an animal
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variables
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quantities or qualities that may vary or vary
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frequency
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the number of times an action is repeated within a given period
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demographic
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concerning the vital statistics (race, gender, age, religion, and so on) of human populations
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population
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a complete group of organisms or events
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generalize
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to go from the particular to the general
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random sample
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a sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of participating
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stratified random sample
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a random sample in which known subgroups in a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the population
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volunteer bias
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a slanting of research data caused by the characteristics of individuals who volunteer to participate, such as willingness to discuss intimate behavior
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case study
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a carefully drawn, in depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires and historical records
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survey
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a detailed study of a sample obtained by means such as interviews and questionnaires
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validity
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with respect to interviews, questionnaires, and tests, the degree to which an item measures what is is supposed to measure
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social desirability
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a response bias to a questionnaire or interview in which the person provides a socially acceptable response
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naturalistic observation
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a method in which organisms are observed in their natural environment
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ethnographic observation
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data concerning sexual behaviors and customs that occur among various ethnic groups
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participant observations
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a method in which observers interact with the people they study as they collect data
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penile strain gauge
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a device for measuring sexual arousal in men in terms of changes in the circumference of the penis
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vaginal photoplethysmograph
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a tamponlike probe that is inserted in the vaginal indicates the level of vasocongestion by measuring the light reflected from the vaginal walls
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vasocongestion
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congestions from the flow of blood; from the Latin word meaning "vessel"
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myotonia
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muscle tension
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correlation
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a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables
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correlation coefficient
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a statistic that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables
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experiment
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a scientific method that seeks to confirm cause and effect relationship by manipulating independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables
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treatment
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in experiments an intervention that is administered to participants, a drug a test or sex education so that its effects may be observed
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independent variable
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a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed
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dependent variable
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the measured results of an experiment, which are believed to be a function of the independent variables
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experimental groups
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groups of study participants that receive a treatment
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control groups
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groups of study participants that do not receive the experimental treatments however, other conditions are held comparable with those in the experimental group
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selection factor
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a bias that may operate in research when people are allowed to determine whether they will receive a treatment
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informed consent
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the term used by researchers to indicate that people have agreed to participate in research after receiving information about the purpose and nature of the study, and its potential risks and benefits
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the tuskegee syphilis study
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medical research gone wrong, moral breeches, lives lost because of hidden information
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cliderectomy
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surgical removal of the clitoris
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ova
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egg cells, sing, ovum
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pudendum
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the external sexual structure of the female from the latin word meaning "that which makes one ashamed" suggests ancient negative attitudes
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vulva
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another term for the external sexual structures of the female
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labia minora
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hairless, light colored membranes located between the labia majora; latin for small lips
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clitoris
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a female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethral opening; extremely sensitive to sexual sensations
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corpora cavernosa
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masses of spongy tissue in the clitoral shaft that become engorged with blood and stiffen in response to sexual stimulation
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prepuce
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the fold of skin covering the glans of the clitoris (or penis)
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homologous
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similar in structure; developing from the same embryonic tissue
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analogous
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similar in function
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menstration
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the cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining
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urethral opening
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the opening through which urine passes from the female's body
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cystitis
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an inflammation of the urinary bladder
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introitus
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the vaginal opening
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hymen
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a fold of tissue across the vaginal opening that is usually present at birth and remains at least partly intact until a woman engages in coitus; Greek for membrane
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perineum
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the skin and underlying tissue that lies between the vaginal opening and the anus
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crura
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anatomic structures resembling legs that attach the clitoris to the pubic bone
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vestibular bulbs
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cavernous structures that extend downward along the sides of the introitus and swell during sexual arousal
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bartholin's glands
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glands that lie just inside the minor lips and secrete fluid just before orgasm
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vagina
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the tubular female sex organ that contains the penis during sexual intercourse and through which a baby is born; Latin word for sheath
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douche
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application of a jet of liquid to the vagina as a rinse
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vaginitis
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vaginal inflammation
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cervix
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the lower end of the uterus
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os
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the opening in the middle of the cervix
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pap test
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a test of a sample of cervical cells that screens for cervical caner and other abnormalities; named after the originator of the technique Dr. George Papanicolaou
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Radiotherapy
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treatment of a disease by x0rays or by emissions from a radioactive substance
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uterus
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the hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops until birth
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fundus
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the uppermost part of the uterus
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endometrium
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the inner most part of the uterus
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endometriosis
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a condition caused by the growth of endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere outside the uterus and characterized by menstrual pain
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myometrium
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the middle well muscled layer of the uterus
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fallopian tubes
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tubes that extend from the upper uterus toward the ovaries and conduct ova to the uterus
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ectopic pregnancy
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a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes
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ovaries
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almond shaped organs taht produce ova and the hormones estrogen and progesterone
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estrogen
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a generic term for female sex hormones or synthetic compounds that promote the development of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle
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progesterone
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a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum or prepared synthetically that stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and is involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle
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follicle
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a capsule within an ovary that contains an ovum
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hysterectomy
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surgical removal of the uterus
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complete hysterectomy
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surgica removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
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partial hysterectomy
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surgical removal of the uterus, but not that ovaries and fallopian tubes
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secondary sex characteristics
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traits that distinguish the sexes from one another but at not directly involved in reproduction
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mammary glands
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milk secreting glands
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areola
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the dark ring on the breast that encircles the nipple
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mammogram
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a special type of x ray test that detects cancerous lumps in the brest
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mastectomy
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surgical removal of the entire breast
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lumpectomy
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surgical removal of a lump from the breast
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malignant
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lethal; causing or likely to cause death
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cysts
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saclike structures filed with fluid or diseased material
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benign
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doing little or no harm
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fibroadenoma
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a benign, fibrous tumor
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ovulation
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the release of an ovum from an ovary
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corpus luteum
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the follicle that has released an ovum and then produces copious amounts of progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase of a woman's cycle
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endocrine gland
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a ductless gland that releases its secretions directly into the bloodstream
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menarche
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the first menstrual period
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hypthalamus
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a structure near the center of the brain that is involved in regulating body temperature, motivation and emotion
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pituitary gland
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the gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin and othes
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hormone
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a substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates various body functions
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testes
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the male gonads
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testosterone
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the male sex hormone that fosters the development of male sex characteristics and is connected with the sex drive
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prolactin
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a pituitary hormone that stimulates production of milk
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oxytocin
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a pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in labor and the ejection of milk during nursing
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follicle-stimulating hormone
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a gonadotropin that stimulates development of follicles in the ovaries
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luteinizing hormone
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a gonadotropin that helps regulate the menstrual cyce by triggering ovulation
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Gonadtropin-releasing hormone
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a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary to release ponadtropins
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proliferative phase
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the first phase of the menstrual cycle, which begins with the end of menstruation and lasts about nine or ten days' the phase during which the endometrium proliferates
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ovulatory phase
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the second stage of the menstrual cycle, during which a follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum
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zygote
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a fertilized ovum (egg cell)
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secretory phase
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the third phase of the menstrual cycle, which follows ovulation; also referred to as the luteal phase after the corpus luteum, which begins to secrete large amounts of progesterone and estrogen after ovulation
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menopause
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the cessation of menstration
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perimenopause
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the beginning of menopause, as characterized by 3 to 11 months of amenororrhea or irregular periods
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climacteric
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a long term process, including menopause, that involves the gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries
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premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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a diagnosis used by the American psychiatric association to describe causes of PMS that are characterized by severe changes in moon and impairment of functioning at work, school or in social relationships
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dysmenorrhea
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pain or discomfort during menstration
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prostaglandins
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hormones that cause muscle fibers in the uterine wall to contract, as during labor
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mastalgia
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a swelling of the breasts that sometimes causes premenstrual discomfort
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amenorrhea
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the absence of mentraution
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