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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Terms For Abnormal Sexual Behavior |
- Sexual Deviation - Perversion - Sexual Variance - Paraphilias |
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Paraphilia |
- Recurring, unconventional sexual behavior that is obsessive and compulsive. - Men are primary "offenders" |
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Fetishism |
- A person's fixation on some object rather than another human being and attachment of great erotic significance to that object. |
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Media Fetish |
- A fetish whose object is anything made of a particular substance, such as leather. - Two types: hard media fetish and soft media fetish. |
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Form Fetish |
- A fetish whose object is a particular shape, such as high-heeled shoes. |
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Statistical Definition of Abnormal Sexual Behavior |
- Defining a behavior by statistical popularity. - In defining sexuality, less common sexual behavior statistically would be considered abnormal. - This definition does not give psychological or social functioning of the person who engages in this behavior. |
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Sociological Approach of Abnormal Sexual Behavior |
- Problem of culture dependence i explicitly acknowledged. - This approach views abnormal sexual behavior as a sexual behavior that violates the norms of society. |
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Psychological Approach of Abnormal Sexual Behavior |
- First stated by Arnold Buss in "Psychopathology" (1966). - The 3 criteria are: discomfort, inefficiency, and bizarreness. - Bizarreness has the problem of being culturally defined. |
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Medical Approach of Abnormal Sexual Behavior
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- As defined by the DSM.
- Recognizes 8 paraphilias. - Defines paraphilia as recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving non-human objects, the suffering and humiliation of oneself or one's partner, children or other non-consenting person. - Fantasies, urges, or behaviors that occurred over a period of 6 months; cause "clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning", or harms another person. |
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What Are The Paraphilias Recognized By The DSM?
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- Fetishism
- Frotteurism - Voyeurism - Transvestic Fetishism - Sadism - Masochism - Pedophilia - Exhibitionism |
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The Normal-Abnormal Continuum Scheme
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Normal: 1. Mild Preference2. Strong Preference Abnormal: 3. Necessity Paraphilia: 4. Substitute for Human Partner |
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Th Normal-Abnormal Continuum
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- Mild preference to strong preference for a fetish object is within normal sexual behavior.
- When fetish object becomes a necessity for arousal or intercourse, it becomes abnormal sexual behavior. - Obsession of fetish object or if it becomes a substitute for a human partner, this becomes a paraphilia. - This continuum holds for many sexual variations. |
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Hard Media Fetish
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- Media fetish for hard substances such as leather or rubber.
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Soft Media Fetish
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- Media fetish for soft substances such as silk or fur.
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Learning Theory for the Origin of Fetishism
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- Fetishes result from classical conditioning, where a learned association is built between the fetish object and sexual arousal and orgasm.
- Sometimes a single trial can cement association. |
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Cognitive Theory for the Origin of Fetishism
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- Fetishes, and other paraphiliacs, have a serious cognitive distortion in that they perceive a non-conventional stimulus as erotic along with their perception of arousal.
- This leads a chain of where they feel driven to their non conventional sexual behavior when aroused. This excites feelings of guilt and self-loathing which arouses them again, repeating in a chain. |
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The Sexual Addiction Model
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- Used to explain some paraphilias, especially those that seem convulsive.
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Transvestism
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- The practice of deriving sexual gratification from dressing as a member of the opposite gender.
- Different from cross-dressing which is used to more for humor, personal comfort, or to make a political statement. |
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Drag Queen
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- A male homosexual who dresses in women's clothing.
- Basically caricatures of traditional gender roles. |
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Drag King
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- Lesbians who dress up in masculine clothes.
- Basically caricatures of traditional gender roles. |
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Female Impersonators
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- A man who dresses up as a woman as part of a job in entertainment.
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Transvestic Fetishism
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- A heterosexual man who dresses in female clothing to produce or enhance sexual arousal.
- When this behavior persists for at least 6 months and causes clinically significant distress, this person is a paraphiliac. - Exclusively a male sexual variation. - A national study reports 3% of men and 0.4% of women had at least once experienced sexual arousal in the other gender's clothing. - Among men, this behavior was associated with being easily aroused, more frequent masturbation, and same-gender sexual experience. |
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Reasons Why Transvestic Fetishism is Exclusively Male
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- It is statistically defined this way because it is essentially unknown among women.
- Cultural intolerance to cross dressing. - Women's clothing by design is sexual and erotic. |
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Common Means of Studying Transvestites
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- By placing ads in specialty newsletters and magazines.
- Solicit to participants at meetings and conventions attended by such persons - Using these methods, researchers gathered data from 1032 cross dressers without including drag queens and female impersonators. 87% were heterosexual, 60% were married, 65% had a college education, 76% report being raised by both parents until age 18, 66% first cross-dressing experience before age 10, sexual excitement and orgasm reported by 40% from cross dressing, 93% prefer complete cross dressing, and only 14% frequently went out in public dressed as a woman. - Another survey from a cross dressing organization reports from 372 out of 1200 questionnaires returned, that median age when the men began to cross dress was age 8.5, 32% report dressing as a female before 6, and 56% said they were never caught. |
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How Does Family React to Transvestites?
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- 60% of wives were accepting.
- 13 of the couples told their children and claimed that the relationship with the children was undamaged and that the children were understanding and tolerant. - It is one of the harmless gender variations. |
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Sexual Sadist
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- A person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain, suffering or humiliation on another person.
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Sexual Masochist
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- A person who derives sexual satisfaction from experiencing pain.
- Aroused by fantasies by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving being beaten, humiliated, bound, bound, or tortured to enhance or achieve sexual excitement. - It is termed paraphilia if this is experienced for at least 6 months and causes distress or impairment. |
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Bondage and Discipline
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- The use of physical or psychological restraint to enforce servitude, from which both participants device sensual pleasure.
- Also called Sexual Bondage. |
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Dominance and Submission
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- The use of power consensually given to control the sexual stimulation and behavior of the other person.
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Sadomasochistic Behavior
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- Rare form of sexual behavior.
- In milder, and non-paraphilic forms, it is more common than people think. - 26% of females and of males had experienced definite or erotic experiences as a result of being bitten in sexual activity. - A study of questionnaires to 130 males and 52 females who responded to ads on S-M magazines report 33% males and 28% females preferred dominant role while 41% males and 40% females preferred submissive role, while 26% males and 32% females were versatile and majority of respondents were heterosexual. Men involved with S-M report having been interested since childhood while women are more likely to have been introduced to it and prefer bondage, spanking, oral sex, and master-slave role play. |
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Sexual Behaviors Associated with S-M
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- Hypermasculinity: dildo, enema.
- Administering and receiving pain. - Physical restriction. - Humiliation - S-M activities are usually scripted and in SM clubs there is restrictions governing action such as no touching without consent, no verbal or physical interruptions, giving players space to enact a scene, and no sexual penetration. |
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Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB)
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- A disorder in which the individual experiences intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, and associated sexual behaviors.
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Causes of Sadomasochism
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- Not precisely known.
- Theories in fetishes can also be applied. - Revenge paired with sexual arousal in childhood. - Theory that states using masochism to escape self-awareness. |
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Bondage and Discipline: Demography
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- 75% were male.
- Most were heterosexual. - 18% were gay. - 11% were lesbian. - Most frequently mentioned topic was play (12%), next being exchange of power (4%), followed by intensified sexual pleasure, tactile stimulation associated with physical restraints, and visual enjoyment experienced by dominant person. - Most want the "submissive" role. |
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Components of Dominance and Submission
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- Sociologists emphasize that S-M is not about pain but rather, dominance and submission following elaborate scripts.
- Roles such as master-slave and naughty child. - Complex social arrangements are made to reduce risks of injury: initial contacts are made in protected territories with other D-S'ers, basic scripts are shared so events are familiar and expected, strangers to acts often negotiate the acts, during the activity there are subtle nonverbal signals to control the interactions and an illusion of control is used without complete control which is central to D-S activities. |
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Voyeur
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- A person who becomes sexually aroused from secretly viewing nudes.
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Scoptophilia
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- A sexual variation in which the person becomes aroused by observing others' sexual acts and genitals.
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Voyeurism
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- Secretly watching people who are nude, for purposes of becoming sexually aroused.
- Usually the voyeur is masturbating while "peeping". - More common in men, 9 men for 1 women according to FBI. - Only becomes paraphilia if it persists for 6 months with distress and interpersonal difficulty. - Typically want the woman they view to be a stranger. - The need the element of risk and forbiddeness. |
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Voyeur Survey
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- Rye & Meaney, 2007.
- Asked college students if they would watch an attractive person undress and an attractive couple having sex with a likelihood of 0, 10, and 25% of getting caught. - 2/3 said they would watch the person undress and 45% said they would watch the couple. - Likelihood of watching undress increased with decreased risk while watching couple did not vary by risk. |
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Voyeurism: Demographics
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- In Sweden, a study of randomly selected group of 18 to 60 year-olds finds that 8% ever report being sexually aroused by watching others have sex of which 3/4 were men. Reports were positively associated with greater alcohol and drug use as well as greater sexual interest and activity.
- A study of 561 men seeking treatment for paraphilia, 62 were voyeurs and 1/3 report first experience before 12, 1/2 recognized interest around 15, and on average peeped on 470 people. The problem with the research is that it has been done on people who were arrested or seeking treatment. |
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Exhibitionist
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- A person who derives sexual gratification from exposing his genitals to others in situations in which this is inappropriate.
- Usually all men while homosexual exhibitionism is rare. - Considered paraphilia of persists for 6 months and causes distress or difficulty. |
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Exhibitionism
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- 33% of college women have been objects of indecent exposure according to one study. - 30% of all sexual offense arrests are for exhibitionism. - In a study of men seeking help for paraphilia , 15% exposed themselves at least once by 12, and 50% by 15. Most recall their childhoods being inconsistent discipline, lack of affection, and little training in social behavior. - A survey of Swedish adults report 3% get arousal by exposing themselves with 2/3 being men. |
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Reasons for the Origin of Exhibitionism
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- Social Learning: Parents might have modeled this behavior.
- Reinforced Behaviors: The action brings attention. - Exhibitionists get gratification from the shock response, so an opposite reaction may combat this. - 5 online female exhibitionists did not classify themselves as paraphilics but that the action promoted their confidence. |
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Nymphomania
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- An excessive, insatiable sex drive in a woman.
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Satyriasis
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- An excessive, insatiable sex drive in a man.
- Also Called Don Juanism. |
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Hypersexuality
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- An excessive, insatiable sex drive in either men or women.
- Debatable what defines "excessive" so it is defined by if it impairs a functioning in one's life or causes inefficiency. |
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Hypersexuality: Operational Definition
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- 7 or more orgasms a week for a minimum of 6 months. Not applicable to women.
- Most hypersexuals report 7.4/8.0 orgasm a week. - Spends one to two hours a day in this activity. - Most reported this activity began ages of 19 to 21. - Most common behaviors were compulsive masturbation (67%), protracted promiscuity (56%), dependence on porn (41%). - Most common was exhibitionism (35%), voyeurism (27%), pedophilia (25%). - For women, anorgasmia may contribute to paraphilia. |
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Hypersexuality: Study on Women
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- Study on highly sexual women recruited participants from volunteers at presentations about the topic through ads.
- Women who have orgasms 6 to 7 times a week or thinks themselves as a hypersexual and where sexuality affects their lives. - 44 women were interviewed ages 20-82 with jobs from janitor to corporate CEO. - 25% married, 48% separated or divorced. - Frequency of sex is 3 to 70 a week. |
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Hypersexuality Behavior Inventory (HBI)
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- A scale to assess hypersexuality.
- Includes 19 questions to report frequency of sexual experiences in the past 90 days. - Scale is validated using 2 samples of male outpatients from several states. - Analysis indicate 3 underlying factors: control (disability to change or fix behavior), consequences (interference with life), and coping. |
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Asexuality
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- Having no sexual attraction to a person of either sex.
- In Britain, a survey indicated 1% was asexual and reported fewer lifetime sexual partners and sexual activity. - More likely to be women, attend church frequently, be of low socioeconomic status, and be in poor health. |
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Asexuality: Demographics
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- 0.2 sexual activity a week
- 33% were married or cohabiting. - 11% had at least 1 long term relationship in the past. - Asexuals don't necessarily report distress or negative influences in their lives. - In an online study, 41 (3%) identified as asexual. |
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Abuse of Cybersex
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- Especially likely to lead to addictive or compulsive behavior because it characterizes by having anonymity, accessibility, and affordability.
- Early research found a sample of 8% who spend 11 or more hours a week in sexual pursuit. - A study on more than 40,000 users indicates number of months passed since going online and hours per week was associated with a history of mental health problems and treatment. - Most common venue for cybersex was a chatroom. - Most likely young heterosexual men and spent more times online and reported more offline partners. - 83% were not problematic users, 11% attained moderate scores on the scale, spent over 11 hours a week in online sexual pursuits. - More likely to be male, single and dating, bisexual, and spend 15 to 25 hours a week in sexual pursuits. 21% of respondents report that their activities jeopardized at least one area of their life mostly personal relationships. - Bisexuals and other sexually marginalized groups may be especially at risk for online sexual compulsivity. |
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Asphyxiophilia
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- The desire to induce oneself in a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or to enhance excitement and orgasm.
- Also called hypoxyphyilia. - Causes 200 to 1000 deaths a year in the US. - Average age who dies in males is 26. - Gratification from risk. - Harder to distinguish from suicide for women. |
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Zoophilia
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- Sexual contact with an animal.
- Also called bestiality or sodomy. - 8% of males Kinsey's samples report sexual experiences with animals. - Most incidence concentrated on adolescence probably experimenting. - Incidence in boys higher in rural areas in farms. - Most common are dogs and horses. |
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Frotteurism
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- Deriving sexual satisfaction from fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching or rubbing one's own genitals against the body of a non-consenting person usually in a crowded place.
- 35% of college males report having engaged in this activity. |
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Troilism
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- Three people having sex together.
- Also called triolism. - The third party may be viewing which is another form of voyeurism. - If the third party is another male then the husband would be in a arousal of a cuckhold. - If the third party is a woman, it would be more pleasurable to the man. |
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Saliromania
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- A desire to damage or soil a woman or her clothes or even a image of a woman.
- Found mainly in men. |
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Coprophilia
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- Deriving sexual satisfaction from contact with feces.
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Urophilia
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- Derving sexual satisfaction from contact with urine.
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Necrophilia
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- Deriving sexual satisfaction from contact with a dead person.
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Sexsomania
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- Refers to automatic, unintentional sexual behaviors during sleep.
- Also called sleep sex. - 80% of cases involve men - Causes include disrupt normal sleep cycles, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation, stress, alcohol use and abuse, and some medications. |
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Prevention of Sexual Variations
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- Primary intervention means intervening in home life or in other factors during childhood.
- Secondary intervention means to diagnose and treat the problem as early as possible. - A problem is the co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders with paraphilia and the multiple diagnosis of sexual variations which is common. |
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Components of Sexual Development
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- Disturbance to one or more of these may lead to different sexual variations.
1. Gender Identity: The sense of maleness or femaleness developed in early childhood. 2. Sexual Responsiveness: Arousal to appropriate stimuli. 3. Formulation of relationship with others. |
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Medical Treatment for Sexual Variations
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- Surgical castrations were fairly common in the US in the 1800's
- Hormonal treatments involve use of drugs to reduce sex desire by maintaining androgens. to testes or to brain and genitals. - Psychopharmacological treatments increased its use recently which influence the central nervous system. |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for Sexual Variations
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- Behavioral therapy to reduce inappropriate sexual arousal and enhance appropriate arousal.
- Social skills training. - Modification of distorted thinking; challenging the rationalizations that the person uses to justify his behavior. - Relapse prevention. - Reduces recidivism to 15% in prisoners and 31% for people on probation. |
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Covert Sensitization
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- Pairs aversive imagery with fantasies of target behavior.
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