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57 Cards in this Set

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FOUR FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND AN EXAMPLE OF EACH
1. Membrane transporters (Carrier proteins, channel proteins)
2. Structural proteins (Cell junctions, cytoskeleton)
3.Membrane enzymes (Metabolism, signal transfer)
4. Membrane receptors ( activate membrane enzymes, active in receptor mediated endocytosis and signal transfer)
active transport vs. passive transport
active transport requires energy (ATP in primary active transport-potential energy in secondary (indirect) active transport that is stored in a concentration gradient, indirectly fueled by ATP) to move the molecule against it's concentration gradient.
Passive transport does not require energy input b/c moving with concentration gradient (diffusion).
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"SIMPLE DIFFUSION"
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"phagocytosis"
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"FACILITATED DIFFUSION"
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"EXOCYTOSIS"
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"OSMOSIS"
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"ENDOCYTOSIS"
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

"POTOCYTOSIS"
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
FOUR FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE RATE OF DIFFUSION IN AIR
1.GREATER CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
2.SMALLER DISTANCE
3.HIGHER TEMPERATURE
4.SMALLER MOLECULAR SIZE
CHEMICALLY GATED CHANNEL
CHANNEL THAT OPENS IN RESPONSE TO A SIGNAL OR A CHANNEL THAT OPENS WHEN A LIGAND BINDS TO IT
OPEN PORE
CHANNEL THAT SPENDS MOST OF IT'S TIME IN THE OPEN STATE; CHANNEL THROUGH WHICH WATER CAN PASS
VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL
CHANNEL THAT OPENS IN RESPONSE TO A SIGNAL; CHANNEL THAT OPENS WHEN RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CHANGES
MECHANICALLY GATED CHANNEL
CHANNEL THAT SPENDS MOST OF IT'S TIME IN THE OPEN POSITION; CHANNEL THAT OPENS IN RESPONSE TO MEMBRANE STRETCH
LIST THE THREE PHYSICAL METHODS THAT MATERIALS ENTER THE CELL.
1.SIMPLE DIFFUSION
2. PROTEIN-MEDIATED TRANSPORT, OR IN VESICULAR TRANSPORT
A CO-TRANSPORTER PROTEIN THAT MOVES MORE THAN ONE MOLECULE AT A TIME, WITH ALL MOLECULES MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION.
SYMPORT CARRIER
A CO-TRANSPORTER PROTEIN THAT MOVES MORE THAN ONE MOLECULE AT A TIME, WITH ALL MOLECULES MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
ANTIPORT
A TRANSPORT PROTEIN THAT MOVES ONLY ONE SUBSTRATE IS CALLED WHAT?
UNIPORT CARRIER
A TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT THAT DERIVES ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM ATP.
DIRECT TRANSPORT
A TYPE OF TRANSPORT THAT COUPLES THE KINETIC ENERGY OF ONE MOVING DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT TO THE MOVEMENT OF ANOTHER MOLECULE AGAINST ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
INDIRECT
PENETRATING SOLUTE
A MOLECULE THAT MOVES FREELY BETWEEN THE INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS.
NON PENETRATING SOLUTE
A MOLECULE THAT IS NOT ABLE TO ENTER CELLS.
WHAT DETERMINES THE OSMOLARITY OF A SOLUTION. HOW IS THIS UNIT EXPRESSED.
THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES (OSMOTICALLY ACTIVE PARTICLES) IN THE GIVEN VOLUME OF SOLUTION. EXPRESSED AS osmol/L or milliosmoles per liter.
THE NET INFLUX (INCREASE) OF WATER INTO THE CELL [LESS SOLUTE & MORE WATER]
HYPERTONIC
THE NET DECREASE (OR LOSS) OF WATER IN THE CELL. [MORE SOLUTE & LESS WATER]
HYPERTONIC
HOW IS TONICITY DETERMINED?
TONICITY IS DETERMINED BY RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF NON-PENETRATING SOLUTES IN CELL VERSUS SOLUTION. THE ABILITY OF A SOLUTION TO GAIN OR LOSE WATER.
FOUR PHYSIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
1. LIKE CHARGES REPEL, OPPOSITES ATTRACT
2.EVERY POSITIVE ION HAS A MATCHING NEGATIVE ION
3.ENERGY MUST BE USED TO SEPARATE IONS OR ELECTRONS AND PROTONS
4.CONDUCTORS ALLOW IONS TO MOVE THROUGH THEM
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"NA+, -K+, -ATPase"
ELECTROGENIC PUMP
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"protein"
ION CHANNEL; INTRACELLULAR ANION
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"unit of measurement for membrane potential"
MILLIVOLTS
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"K+"
INTRACELLULAR CATION
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"Cl-"
EXTRACELLULAR ANION
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"ATP"
SOURCE OF ENERGY
PRIMARY ROLES IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY:

"Na+"
EXTRACELLULAR CATION
THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AT WHICH THE ELECTRICAL GRADIENT EXACTLY OPPOSES THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT FOR AN ION.
EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL
A MATERIAL THAT ALLOWS FREE MOVEMENT OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES.
CONDUCTOR
A MATERIAL THAT PREVENTS FREE MOVEMENT OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES IS CALLED.
INSULATOR
a) What are the two primary compartments of the body?
b) What are their sub-compartments?
a) cells and fluids
b) ICF and ECF [intracellular and extracellular fluid]
What separates the compartments of the body?
Cell membrane
What are the sub-compartments of ECF (extracellular fluid)?
Plasma - fluid portion of the blood
Interstitial fluid - fluid that surrounds the cells
What four (4) things is the plasma membrane functionally responsible for?
-Physical isolation
-Regulation of exchange of materials
-Communication between the cell and its environment
-Structural support
Plasma Membrane - What is "physical isolation"?
the physical barrier between cell contents and its environment
Plasma Membrane - What is "Regulation of exchange of materials"?
controls the removal of waste, entry of nutrients and ions and the release of cellular products
Plasma Membrane - What is "communication between the cell and its environment"?
proteins found within enable the membrane to monitor changes and respond (homeostasis)
Plasma Membrane - What is "structural support"?
proteins serve as a cytoskeleton helping to maintain shape, creating specialized junctions between cells and the extracellular matrix (holds cells in place) thus stabilizing cells within tissues
a) What are the primary contents of membranes?
b) What is a good determinate of the ratio between the contents?
a) lipids and proteins
b) the more active the cell, the more proteins it has
What are the three types of lipids in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, and Cholesterol
List some characteristics of phospholipids
polar phosphate/glycerol head (hydrophilic)
non-polar fatty acid tail (hydrophobic)
What is a sphingolipid?
It possesses fatty acid tails but head can either be a phospholipid or a glycolipid (sugar chain)
List some characteristics of cholesterol.
very hydrophobic, insert themselves into the plasma membrane, helps make the plasma membrane impermeable to water soluble molecules, allows for flexibility over wide temperature ranges, stronger barrier in between the fatty acid tails, closes space between tails, impermeable to water soluble substances
What are the three types of membrane proteins?
Integral (transmembrane), peripheral and lipid-anchored
List some characteristics of integral proteins.
extend across membrane, possess hydrophobic segments, classified by the number of transmembrane segments, extracelllar and intracellular loops are available for interaction with other proteins or molecules, some are anchored to cytoskeletal proteins making them immobile
List some characteristics of peripheral proteins.
attached loosely to integral proteins or polar heads of lipids, include enzymes and structural binding proteins
List some characteristics of lipid-anchored proteins.
Covalently bound to fatty acid tails and found inserted into the bi-layer, usually associated with sphingolipids forming lipid rafts
Is the body an open system or a closed system and what does that mean?
The body is an open system that exchanges heat and materials with the outside environment
What are the mass balance functions?
Homeostasis - offset any gain with a loss and vise versa.

gain from intake and materials produced
loss from excretion and metabolism
Define Homeostasis.
the stability of the body's internal environment