Human Physiology - Respiration Physiology

Front 1

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between atmosphere and body tissues

Back 1

external respiration

Front 2

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 2

internal respiration

Front 3

Metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to product ATP

Back 3

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 4

4 processes of external respiration

Back 4

1. pulmonary ventilation

2. exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

3. Transport of blood

4. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

Front 5

The movement of gases into and out of lungs

Back 5

pulmonary ventilation

Front 6

Path of air as it enters the body

Back 6

nose/mouth --> nasal/oral cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchii --> bronchioles --> alveolar sacs

Front 7

Where the vocal cords are located

Back 7

larynx

Front 8

passageway for air and food

Back 8

Pharynx

Front 9

Part of respiratory tract known as "dead space"; no gas exchange occurs here

Back 9

Conducting zone

Front 10

Cells interspersed throughout lining of airway that secrete mucous that coats the airway to trap foreign particles

Back 10

goblet cells

Front 11

Type II alveolar cells secrete ___________ which reduces _____________.

Back 11

surfactant; surface tension in alveoli

Front 12

Part of respiratory system that includes bronchioles and alveolar sacs; have thin walls to allow for fas exchange

Back 12

respiratory zone

Front 13

Outer pleura that lines the walls of the chest and also covers diaphragm

Back 13

parietal

Front 14

Inner pleura that covers the surface of the lungs

Back 14

visceral

Front 15

Serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membranous structure

Back 15

Pleura

Front 16

At constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional (i.e., as volume increases, pressure decreases)

Back 16

Boyle's Law

Front 17

The pressure of air in the alveoli, which varies with inspiration and expiration.

Back 17

intra-alveolar pressure

Front 18

Intra-pleural pressure is always ______________ (less than/greater than) atmospheric and intra-alveolar pressure

Back 18

less than

Front 19

Inspiration/Expiration decreases alveolar pressure.

This means that Alveolar pressure is ______ (less than / greater than) atmospheric pressure

Back 19

inspiration

less than

Front 20

When alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, what is happening?

Back 20

expiration

Front 21

The volume of air breathed in and out of lungs is 500 ml at rest. This is called ______________.

Back 21

Idle volume

Front 22

During inspiration, what muscles contract?

Back 22

external intercostals and diaphragm

Front 23

Intrapleural pressure is always less than atmospheric pressure (True or False).

For this reason, lungs are expanded against the chest wall

Back 23

true

Front 24

During forced expiration, internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract (True or False).

Back 24

True

Front 25

Collapsed lung; hole is created in chest wall and air is allowed to enter pleural cavity

Back 25

pneumothorax

Front 26

Which pressure is greatest during expiration?

Back 26

intra-alveolar

Front 27

Small change in pressure leads to large change in volume. This is

a) high compliance

b) low compliance

Back 27

a)

Front 28

The more elastic something is, the more compliant it is (True or False)

Back 28

False

Front 29

Better functioning lungs are more or less compliant?

Back 29

more compliant - easier to expand

Front 30

When lungs become too compliant, it is easy yo get air into them but difficult to get it out. This is __________.

Back 30

emphysema

Front 31

Fibrosis is when

Back 31

lungs are very little compliant and it is difficult to get air in.

Front 32

The greater the surface tension, the _________ (less/more) compliant lungs are

Back 32

less

Front 33

Surfactant secreted from ___________ into fluid ________ (reduces, increases) surface tension

Back 33

type II cells, reduces

Front 34

Surfactant prevents ___________

Back 34

alveoli from collapsing and alveoli from collapsing into larger alveoli

Front 35

The pressure inside sphere is equal to surface tension divided by radius of sphere.

Back 35

Law of Laplace

Front 36

In respiration, a small change in radius causes a big/small change in resistance.

Back 36

big

Front 37

Smooth muscle contracts, causing radius to decrease

Back 37

bronchioconstriction

Front 38

Caused by PNS activation, histamine

Back 38

bronchioconstriction

Front 39

Caused by sympathetic nervous system activation, epinephrine, and increased levels of CO2

Back 39

Bronchiodilation

Front 40

Change in volume during normal respiration

Back 40

Tidal Volume

Front 41

The maximum amount of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration.

Back 41

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 42

Extra volume of air that you can breathe out after you breathe out normally

Back 42

expiratory reserve volume

Front 43

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

Back 43

residual volume

Front 44

The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration

Back 44

vital capacity

Front 45

Vital capacity consists of (3 volumes)

Back 45

IRV, ERV, TV

Front 46

The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a resting expiration

Back 46

functional residual capacity (FRC)

(FRC = ERV + RV)

Front 47

A measure of the percentage of the forced vital capacity that can be exhaled within a certain time frame.

Back 47

Forced expiratory volume

Front 48

The maximum amount of air a person can forcefully expire following maximum inspiration

Back 48

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Front 49

Formula for Forced Expiratory Volume

Back 49

FEV = Volume exhaled in 1 sec / FVC

Front 50

Total Lung Capacity = ___ + ____ + ____ + ____

Back 50

IRV + ERV + RV + TV

Front 51

The volume of air in the lungs at the end of maximum inspiration

Back 51

TLC

Front 52

Type of pulmonary disease in which there is a reduced rate of airflow, such as with asthma and emphysema.

Back 52

Obstructive

Front 53

Type of pulmonary disease in which their is low lung compliance (ex. pulmonary fibrosis)

Low lung compliance means...

Back 53

Restrictive

...it is difficult to get air into the lungs

Front 54

In Obstructive pulmonary diseases

a) What happens to RV?

b) What happens to functional residual capacity (FRC)?

c) What happens to FEV1?

Back 54

a) increases

(obstructive = hard to get air out of lungs because highly compliant; so because of this there is a lot of air left in lungs after expiration, which means lots of RV)

b) increases

c) decreases

(it takes much longer for a person to exhale the same amount of air as someone with normal lung functioning; sometimes a person with obstructive has to breathe again before exhalation has finished - this is why vital capacity can also be reduced)

Front 55

In Restrictive Pulmonary diseases

a) What happens to RV?
b) What happens to Vital capacity?

c) What happens to FEV1?

Back 55

a) decreases

(restrictive = low compliance; difficult to get air in so residual volume decreases (?))

b) decreases

c) increases (or there is no change)

Front 56

Bob breathes out normally and then breathes in as much as he can. What is the name for this volume/capacity?

a) Inspiratory capacity

b) Inspiratory volume

c) Tidal volume

d) tidal capacity

Back 56

a) inspiratory capacity

Front 57

Total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute.

Back 57

minute ventilation

Front 58

Tidal volume x respiratory rate = ____________.

Back 58

Minute ventilation

Front 59

minute ventilation doesn't take into account ____________, which is the volume of air that does not reach alveoli, but instead remains in the airways (trachea, bronchi, etc.).

Back 59

dead space

Front 60

Volume of air in conducting zone that doesn't participate in gas exchange

Back 60

dead space

Front 61

Is it more efficient to increase tidal volume than respiratory rate to enhance alveolar ventilation?

Back 61

tidal volume (during low intensity exercise), followed by increases in respiratory rate

Front 62

Vital capacity which decreases with age is made up of the following volumes:

Back 62

IRV, ERV, TV

Front 63

Conducting zone does what?

Back 63

conducts, cleans, filters, and humidified air

Front 64

what happens in respiratory zone?

Back 64

exchange of gases

Front 65

What happens to volume and pressure

i) in contraction

ii) in relaxation

Back 65

i) volume goes up, pressure goes down

ii) volume goes down, pressure goes up

Front 66

Each lung is enclosed in a sac called?

Back 66

pleural sac

Front 67

In the pleural sac

i) The parietal pleura is covering the ___________

ii) The visceral pleura is covering the ___________

Back 67

i) thoracic cavity

ii) lungs

Front 68

Compliance is how easily the _____________ expands under pressure.

Back 68

lung

Front 69

Elasticity is the ability of the lung to ___________ after expansion

Back 69

return to it's original size

Front 70

Force of surface tension is directed inward, raising pressure in alveoli and tends to cause them to?

Back 70

collapse

Front 71

surfactant ___________________ by getting between water molecules

Back 71

lowers surface tension

Front 72

Premature babies are often born with Respiratory Distress Syndrome and have trouble doing what?

Back 72

inflating the lungs

Front 73

Pulmonary ventilation consists of

Back 73

insipiration and expiration / inhalation and exhalation

Front 74

Formula for Alveolar ventilation =

Back 74

(Tidal volume - dead space volume) x respiratory rate

(TV - DV) X RR

Front 75

Total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases

Back 75

Dalton's Law.

Front 76

How do you get the partial pressure of a single gas?

Back 76

multiply the fractional concentration of the gas by the total atmospheric pressure

Front 77

What happens to atmospheric pressure as you move to higher altitudes?

Back 77

it decreases

Front 78

When you calculate partial pressure, you have to remember to subtract _________ from the total atmospheric [ressure

Back 78

vapour pressure

Front 79

The partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli is ________ (higher or lower) than partial pressure of CO2 in the airways

Back 79

higher (because it mixes with gases that are already present)

Front 80

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs at the ________ and at the _______________.

Back 80

alveoli and respiratory bronchioles

Front 81

Oxygen and CO2 move in and out of the alveoli via _________

Back 81

diffusion

Front 82

When O2 and CO2 are in the alveoli, they become ____________ and are dissolved in the blood.

Back 82

vapourized

Front 83

Things reach an equilibrium where partial pressure of vapourized and dissolved gases are equal.

Back 83

Henry's Law

Front 84

When blood enters the lungs, O2 _________________ and CO2 ____________.

By the time blood enters the lungs, it has reached ____________

Back 84

dissolves into the blood (down it's pressure gradient) and CO2 diffuses out of the blood, also known it's gradient

equilibrium

Front 85

Blood entering the tissues has a ______________, which is why O2 diffuses down it's pressure gradient and into the tissues.

Back 85

higher partial pressure of O2

Front 86

Blood exiting the tissues has (the same/higher/lower) partial pressures of O2 than those found in the tissues because __________.

Back 86

the same, it has reached equilibrium

Front 87

Oxygen is transported in the blood because it binds to ______________ and is dissolved in ____________.

Back 87

hemoglobin; plasma

Front 88

When O2 isn't bound to hemoglobin it is called _________________.

Back 88

deoxyhemoglobin

Front 89

When O2 is bound to hemoglobin, it is called

Back 89

oxyhemoglobin

Front 90

When O2 isn't bound to hemoglobin, it is called

Back 90

deoxyhemoglobin

Front 91

Hemoglobin exists as a complex of 4 _________ and 4 __________.

Back 91

polypeptide chains; heme groups

Front 92

O2 binds to _____________

Back 92

the iron atom

Front 93

Arterial blood has a partial pressure of Oxygen of ____, and hemoglobin is ___% saturated with O2.

Back 93

100 mm Hg, 98

Front 94

Venous blood has a partial pressure of O2 of _______ and hemoglobin is __% saturated with O2.

Back 94

40 mm Hg, 75%

Front 95

Hyperventilation would lead to a(n) ________ within the systemic arteries.
A) selective decrease in PO2
B) selective increase in PO2
C) selective decrease in PCO2
D) increase in PO2 and decrease in PCO2
E) decrease in PO2 and increase in PCO2

Back 95

d)

Front 96

Each ________ on the hemoglobin subunit is capable of binding an oxygen molecule, thereby allowing ________ oxygen to bind with one hemoglobin molecule.
A) heme : four
B) heme : three
C) globin : four
D) globin : three
E) free iron : one

Back 96

a)

Front 97

As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the ________ of the hemoglobin molecule will change through a process of ________ such that the binding of oxygen is enhanced.
A) amino acid sequence : phosphorylation
B) cooperativity : negativity
C) cooperativity : positivity
D) affinity : negative cooperativity
E) affinity : positive cooperativity

Back 97

e)

Front 98

Which of the following statements is FALSE of a leftward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
A) Affinity for oxygen is increased.
B) Oxygen loading onto the hemoglobin is increased.
C) Hemoglobin is more saturated at a given PO2.
D) It can be caused by an increase in blood pH.
E) It can be caused by an increase in PCO2.

Back 98

e)

Front 99

Which of the following statements is FALSE of a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
A) Affinity for oxygen is decreased.
B) A rightward shift usually occurs in active tissue.
C) Hemoglobin unloading of oxygen is increased.
D) Oxygen loading onto hemoglobin is decreased.
E) It can be caused by a decrease in 2, 3-BPG.

Back 99

e)

Front 100

Which of the following will cause a shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
A) increase in temperature only
B) increase in plasma pH only
C) increase in 2,3-BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) only
D) both an increase in temperature and an increase in 2, 3-BPG
E) both an increase in temperature and an increase in plasma pH

Back 100

d)

Front 101

As it leaves the lung in the pulmonary vein, blood is ________ saturated with oxygen.
A) 75%
B) 90%
C) 98%
D) completely (100%)
E) supersaturated (108%)

Back 101

c)

Front 102

w

hich of the following increases oxygen unloading from hemoglobin?
A) increased carbon dioxide in the tissue
B) increased oxygen levels in the tissue
C) increased blood pH
D) decreased metabolism
E) decreased temperature

Back 102

a)