Human Physiology- Gi Tract

Front 1

Parts of the GI Tract

Back 1

mouth, pharynx and esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

Front 2

Where does most nutrient digestion occur and what does the absorption?

Back 2

Small intestine; microvilli

Front 3

Parts of the small intestine

Back 3

1. duodenum
2. jegjunum
3. illium

Front 4

What breaks down stuff in the large intestine and what is produced?

Back 4

bacteria; vit b and k

Front 5

What is the main purpose of the large intestine?

Back 5

absorption of water

Front 6

What is broken down in the large intestine and forms brown feces?

Back 6

bilirubin

Front 7

What is included in digestion?

Back 7

1- Ingestion, 2- secretion, 3- secretion, 4- mixing and propulsion, 5- mechanical digestion, 6- chemical digestion, 7- absorption, 8- defecation

Front 8

Mechanical Digestion

Back 8

food into smaller pieces (chewing, stomach churning)

Front 9

Chemical Digestion

Back 9

molecules of food into smaller pieces (enzymes)

Front 10

Layers of the GI Tract

Back 10

1- mucosa
2- submucosa
3- muscularis
4- serosa

Front 11

What part of the ANS controls digestion?

Back 11

parasympathetic

Front 12

Does the digestive system work well when we get older?

Back 12

NO

Front 13

What are the three types of salivary glands?

Back 13

1- parotid
2- submandibular
3- sublingual

Front 14

What does saliva do?

Back 14

lubricates and dissolves food
starts chemical digestion of carbs via salivary amylase

Front 15

Salivary amylase

Back 15

starts chemical digestion of starches

Front 16

Swallowing

Back 16

pharynx between mouth and esophagus; peristalsis pushes food down

Front 17

Respiratory Blockage

Back 17

soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx

epiglottis blocks off airway to lungs

flaps block off respiratory system from digestive system

Front 18

Stomach Glands

Back 18

1- neck cells
2- chief cells
3- parietal cells
4- G cells

Front 19

Neck Cells

Back 19

secrete mucous

Front 20

Chief Cells

Back 20

secrete enzymes

Front 21

Parietal cells

Back 21

secrete HCL

Front 22

G cells

Back 22

secrete gastrin

Front 23

What stimulates the release of HCL by parietal cells?

Back 23

gastrin

Front 24

HCL transforms pepsinogen to _____

Back 24

pepsin

Front 25

What does pepsin do?

Back 25

breaks down the peptide bonds between amino acids

Front 26

What does the mucous do to the stomach?

Back 26

protects the stomach wall from being digested

Front 27

The more HCL in the stomach means more ______ in the stomach?

Back 27

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Front 28

Is there any acid in pancreatic juice?

Back 28

NO

Front 29

What does the pancreatic juice contain?

Back 29

contains sodium bicarbonate (buffer)

Front 30

What does pancreatic juice digest?

Back 30

starch, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids

Front 31

What is chymotrypsinogen activated by?

Back 31

trypsin

Front 32

What does the liver make?

Back 32

blood plasma/protein

Front 33

What does the liver breakdown?

Back 33

1- breaks down RBC (RBC--> Biliverdin--> Bilirubin)

2- breaks down proteins (into nitrogen = urea and ammonia)

3- breaks down sugars into glucose

Front 34

What does the liver turn glycogen into?

Back 34

glucose and stores glycogen

Front 35

What is jaundice?

Back 35

a liver disease by build-up of bilirubin; membrane turns yellow

Front 36

What are liver cells called?

Back 36

hepatocytes

Front 37

What do liver cells excrete?

Back 37

bile

Front 38

Where is bile stored?

Back 38

gall bladder

Front 39

What does bile do?

Back 39

emulsifies fat (lipids)

Front 40

What kind of process is emulsification of fats?

Back 40

mechanical and not chemical

Front 41

What are the components of bile?

Back 41

water, cholesterol, salts, bilirubin pigment

Front 42

What is the liver responsible for?

Back 42

detox the blood and remove waste (by bilirubin)

lipid metabolism

Front 43

What are the three main functions of the liver?

Back 43

1- make plasma
2- break down RBC and proteins
3- detox

Front 44

What is the main function of kidneys?

Back 44

remove urea and other toxic waste from blood, forming the dilute solution called urine

Front 45

What do the kidneys regulate?

Back 45

blood pH by bicarbonate and acid control (urea)

Front 46

Renal Autoregulation

Back 46

local BP in which vascular resistance changes BP; mechanisms that maintain a constant GFR despite changes in arterial BP

Front 47

Autoregulation works by increasing and decreasing _____?

Back 47

peripheral effects

Front 48

Nephron

Back 48

important part of the kidney is folded tubed called nephron

Front 49

Glomerulus

Back 49

foot process; site of filtration that separates things out in blood

Front 50

GFR

Back 50

Glomerular filtration rate;

Front 51

What is GFR dependent on?

Back 51

arterial BP

Front 52

What does autoregulation help control?

Back 52

GFR

Front 53

Juxtaglomerula apparatus

Back 53

helps regulate BP in kidney

Front 54

Proximal/Convoluted Tube

Back 54

reabsorption of water--reabsorbs most substances that are filtered through kidney and site for secretion

Front 55

Loop of Henle

Back 55

concentrates waste (water back into blood)

Front 56

What happens in the descending loop of Henle

Back 56

water-->blood

Front 57

What happens in the ascending loop of Henle?

Back 57

Na+ and Cl- --> blood

Front 58

Is the distal convoluted tube permeable to water?

Back 58

No (same as ascending loop) hormones are working here

Front 59

What two hormones are working in the distal convoluted tube?

Back 59

ADH and angiotension 2

Front 60

ADH

Back 60

hormone working in the distal convoluted tube; antidiuretic and it regulates water in the blood and causes higher blood volume

Front 61

Angiotension 2

Back 61

a hormone working in the distal convoluted tube and acts as a vasoconstrictor; causes aldosterone production which causes more sodium and chloride ions to be reabsorption of water (more pee)

Front 62

Glycouria

Back 62

glucose in the urine (diabetes) because too much glucose for kidney to absorb

Front 63

Micturition Reflex

Back 63

urination; outer sphincter is consciously controlled while inner sphincter is automatically uncontrolled