Human Physiology Final

Front 1

these cells produce exocrine hormones and then they are released into ducts

Back 1

Acinus

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Precursor for thyroid hormone

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iodine

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T3 and T4 are produced by

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Thyroid gland produces it using iodine

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Hormone that regulates blood calcium levels

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Parathyroid hormone

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hormone produced by anterior pituitary glad that stimulates milk secretion from mammary gland

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prolactin

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three hormones produced by adrenal cortex

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aldosterone, cortisol, and adrogen

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This hormone stimulates the production of aldosterone, cortisol and androgen

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ACTH

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when two hormones work together

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synergistic

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two hormones that act as neurotransmitters

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noradrenaline and somatostatin

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types of endocrine receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors, growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, ligand-regulated transporters (guanylyl cyclase receptor), Nuclear receptors

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examples of cell surface receptors located on outside of cell

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prolactin, parathyroid, TSH, TRH, and growth hormone

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Steroid hormones and T3 and T4 bind to which receptors

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nuclear/ intracellular receptors

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Cytokine receptors activate which enzymes

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Tyrosine Kinase and JAK2

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what happens with ANP when bl pressure is high

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Its released by stretch receptors in atria then acts as a vasorelaxor, and decreases renin secretion and adosterone

Front 15

which hormones are lypophylic?

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Nuclear receptor hormones like Steroid, vitamin D, T3 and T4

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Which hormones are lypophobic?

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Cell surface hormones (ATCH)

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which hormones need a carrier protein for transportation

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Nuclear receptor Hormones

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Which hormones circulate freely through the blood

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Cell surface hormones

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example of permissive effect hormones

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cortisol and catecholamines

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example of Antagonistic effect hormones

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insulin and glucogon

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example of synergistic effect hormones

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epi and nor-epi to increase HR

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hormones that act on same cell; they are important for promoting the unregulated growth of cancer cells

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autocrine

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Hormones acting inside the cell

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intracrine

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Hormones acting on neighboring cells

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paracrine

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three subunits of G-protein

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Alpha, Beta and Y

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Effectors that initiate 2nd messengers

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adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C

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G-Protein coupled receptor second messenger systems

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Adenylate Cyclase, Ca2+ Calmodulin, IP3

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GPCRs mediate actions of...

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Catecholamines, prostoglandins, ACTH, Glucogons, parathyroid hormone, TSH

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Layers of GPCR

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surface exposed amino terminal domain, seven transmember domain receptors, hydrophilic carboxyl terminal domain

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inactive G-Protein; active G-protein

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GDP; GTP

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Layers of Growth Factor receptors

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amino terminal surface exposed ligand binding domain, single membrane spanning domain, carboxyl terminal catalytic domain

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activity of growth factor receptors

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Ligand Binding --> activation of Tyrosine Kinase and autophosphorylation

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Layers of Cytokine receptors

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Surface exposed amino terminal domain, single membrane spanning domain, carboxyl terminal effector domain

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Cytokine receptors mediate actions of ----- and lack ---------

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Growth Hormone; tyrosine kinase domain

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growth hormone signals _____ which is where the tyrosine kinase activity comes from

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JAK2

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which receptors have open channels for ION flow?

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Guanylyl cyclase/ Ligand binding

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effects of ION flux in ligand binding receptors

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second messenger, increase in Nitric Oxide Synthesis, stimulation of soluble Guanlylyl cyclase activity

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Elevations in cGMP activate

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cGMP-dependent protein kinase and promote vasoRELAXATION

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Layers of Nuclear receptors

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amino terminal domain, DNA binding domain, Carboxyl terminal domain

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Hypothalamus produces what hormone and where is it released

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corticotropine releasing hormone released into anterior pituitary

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Hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by

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portal system

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Hypothalamus is connected to the Posterior pituitary by the

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nerve fibers of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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Hormones released by Post Pit

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ADH and Oxytocin

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Hormones released by Ant Pit

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FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

Front 45

CRH goes to the anterior pit and activates what??

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stimulates ACTH which goes to the adrenal cortex and stimulates the release of Aldosterone, Corticol, and Androgens

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What are the cell types in the ant pit

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thyrotrop cells (TSH), Gonadotrop (LH & FSH), Cortcotrop (ACTH), Lactotrop (Prolactin), Somatotrop (GH)

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Role of FSH in male and female

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Male: maturation of sperm cells
Female: Stimulate and develop follicle and ovum

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In males the FSH and LH bind to which 2 cells

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Leydig and Sertoli

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Role of LH

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in males:increases testicular hormone
Famales: rupture of follicle and elimination of ovum

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Role of TSH

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effects sexual behavior

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FSH and LH are stimulated by...

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GnRH from the Hypothalamus

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LH is inhibited by

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testosterone

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Role of Oxytocin

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in male: behavior and helps with ejaculation
In female: ejection of milk from mammary glands and contraction of myometrium

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3 zones of adrenal cortex and their corresponding hormone

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Zona glomerulosa (aldosterone), Zona fasciculata (cortisol), zona reticulata (androgen)

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2 hormones from the medulla

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adrenaline and noradrenaline

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path of epi production (synthesis of catecholamines)

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Tyrosine -->cromaffin cells--->DOPA ---> Norepi-----> epi

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Two receptors on the CD

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V2- for ADH and one for Aldosterone

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Aldosterone stimulates

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reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, H2O and the excretion of H+ and K+

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Principal cells of the Collecting Duct control the

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excretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+

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Anti-Inflammatory decrease inflammation by

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suppression of cytokines

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primary adrenocortical insufficiency, where there is a lack of cortisol, androgens,aldosterone

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Addisons disease

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Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

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AID; tumor on adrenal gland

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adrenocortical excess

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cushings disease

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hyperaldosteronism (tumor in aldosterone producing cells)

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Conns syndrome

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Signs and symptoms of Cushings syndrome

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female with facial hair b/c androgen is increased, skinny limbs, increased BP, obese abdomen, buffalo hump

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Deficiency of dopamine

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parkinsons disease

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Hormones released by thyroid gland

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Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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roles of T4 and T3

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play critical role in cell differentiation during development and help maintain thermogenic and metabolic homeostasis

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the protein precursor of thyroid hormone, a proteinaceous fluid that contains large amounts of thyroglobulin

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Colloid

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Thyroid hormone secretion is activated by....

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TSH binding to receptor on follicular cells and thyroglobulin reabsorption from follicular lumen

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Steps in synthesis of thyroid hormone

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1)Iodide pump (Na+ enters follicular cells and iodide is pumped out) 2)Oxidation of Iodide to Iodine by peroxidase. 3)Organification of Iodine (iodine combines with tyrosine residue and forms MIT and DIT) 4)MIT and DIT combine to make either T4 (2DITs) or T3 (1DIT and 1MIT) 5)Iodinated thyroglobulin (stored in follicular lumen until stimulated for secretion)

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Steps in thyroid hormone secretion

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1)TRH secreted by hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of TSH by ant pit 2)TSH increases synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone by follicular cells via adenylate cyclase (cAMP mechanism)

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T3 down regulates___ and inhibits ___

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TRH receptors in the ant pit and inhibits TSH secretion

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Carrier protein for T3 and T4

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Thyroxine binding globulin

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Importance of thyroid hormone in pregnancy

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CNS development of fetus

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Deficiency of Thyroid hormone in pregnancy

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mental retardation ad retarded bone growth in newborn

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There is more ___ than ___ and ___ is more active than ___

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there is more T4 than T3 but T3 is more active than T4

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T4 and T3 are bound to ___ which ensures a circulating reserve and free T3 and T4 are excreted by the ____

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Plasma proteins; Kidneys

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Actions of thyroid hormone

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1)Growth 2)maturation of CNS in prenatal period and Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism in adulthood 3)ANS similar to sympathetic stimulation (up-regulates B1 adrenergic receptors in the heart and increases conduction velocity) 4)BMR (heat production regulates temp regulation) 5)Cardio and respiratory 6)Metabolic effects

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O2 consumption and BMR are increased by thyroid hormone in all tissues except

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brain, gonads and spleen

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Thyroid Hormone effects cardio and respiratory systems by...

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ensuring more O2 is delivered to tissues; HR and stroke volume increased leading to increase in cardiac output; Ventilation rate increased

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Metabolic effects of thyroid hormone are

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overall metabolism is increased in conjunction with increased O2; increased glucose absorption, increase glycogenolysis, increased glucogenesis, increase glucose oxidation, increase lipolysis, increased protein synthesis and degradation (catabolic)

Front 83

regulate serum calcium and phosphorus levels

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parathyroid gland

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secretion of parathyroid hormone raises _____ levels and lowers ____ concentration through negative feedback loop

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Serum calcium; serum phosphorus concentration

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cells that synthesize and secrete parathyroid hormone

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chief cells of the parathyroid gland

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Decreased serium Ca2+ _____ PTH secretion

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increases

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Mild decreases in serum Mg2+ _____ PTH secretion while severe decreases _____ PTH. this produces symptoms of hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia)

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stimulate; inhibits

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Second messenger for PTH is

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cAMP

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Actions of PTH

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1)increases bone resorption 2)Inhibits renal phosphate resorption on proximal tubules which increases phosphate excretion 3) increases renal Ca2+ reabsorption in the DT which increases serum Ca2+ 4)PTH increases intestinal Ca2+ absorbtion

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3 places where there are PTH receptors

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Sm Intestines, Nephron and DT

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effect of PTH binding to nephron

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Ca2+ reabsorption by nephron increases

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effect of PTH binding to sm Intestine

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Ca2+ reabsorption in sm intestine increases

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effect of PTH binding to DT

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converts precursor of Vitamin D to active form

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Exocrine part of pancreas produces what enzymes

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amalyse, lipase and protese (also releases HCO3-

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delta cells in the Isle of Langerhaus secrete

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somatostatin and gastrin

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Effects of Hyperthyroidism

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hyyperexcitability and irritability

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effects of hypothyroidism

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slowed speech, somnolence (sleepiness), impaired memory and decreased mental capacity

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Actions of glucagon

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increases blood glucose concentration, increases glycogenolysis, increases glucogenesis, increases blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentration, increases lipolysis, increases urea production

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Actions of Insulin on liver, adipose tissue and muscle

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1)decreases blood glucose concentration 2)decreases blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentrations 3)decreases blood K+ concentration by increasing K+ uptake in cells

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Insulin _____ glucose uptake in target cells which _____ plasma glucose concentration

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Increases; decreases

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Insulin promotes the formation of _____ and inhibits _____

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glycogen from glucose in the muscle and liver; glygogenolysis

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second messenger of glucagon is

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cAMP

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Effects of Somatostatin

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inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion; decreases GI motility and secretion/absorption in the GI tract; prolongs digestive window for nutrient assimilation into blood and decreases nutrient untilization

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Somatostatin acts as a ______ when produced by the hypothalamus and a ____ when produced by langerhaus or GI tract

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Neurotransmitter; hormone

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regulates sleep, increases darkness in urine, is directly affected by light exposure and calcifies with age

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Melatonin

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Precursor to melatonin

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seratonin

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seratonin is derived from this amino acid

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tryptophan

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found in every cell and tissue; partake in contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, modulation of inflammation; derived from arachidonic acid

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Prostoglandins

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affect of Prostoglandin PGE2

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smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation (found in fever b/c stimulates temp)

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Affect of PGI2

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vasodilation, increases during delivery and relaxes cervix

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PGF2 affect

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vasocontraction, smooth muscle contraction

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TXA2 affect

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platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction

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Cyclooxygenase converts arachidonic acid to ____

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prostaglandins

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Lipoxygenase converts arachidonic acid into

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Leukotrienes (responsible for symptoms of Asthma- inflammation, bronchoconstriction, Vasoconstriction)

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Inhibitors of prostoglandin synthesis; inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme

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NSAID, indomethacin, Ibprofen

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cells located on testes that produce testosterone once LH has binded to them

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Leydig cells

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cells that produce inhibin

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sertoli cells

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suppresses the GnRH from hypothalamus

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Inhibin

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process where spermatogonia are transformed into sperm/sprematozoa

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spermatogenesis

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at puberty these increase in number and transform into primary spermatocytes

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spermatogonia

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process where spermatids are transformed into 4 mature sperms

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spermiogenesis

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cells involved in regulation of spermatogenesis that line the seminiferous tubules

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sertoli cells

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head of sperm contains

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nucleus and acrosome (enzymes and acrosine)

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Tail of sperm contains

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middle piece (mitochondria and ATP), principal piece and end piece

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after initial stimulation of gonadotropins the exposure to constant GnRH results in

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inhibition of their release

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Inhibits LH secretion

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testosterone

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decrease in spermatogenisis = ______ in inhibin which = _____ in FSH

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decrease; increase

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Erection is a result of ______ nerve system

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parasympathetic

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ejaculation is controlled by the ____ nervous system

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sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Emission is controlled by

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sympathetic nervous system

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amorphous acellular glycoprotein that convers primary oocyte

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zona pellucida

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name of primary folicle when it has more than one layer

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maturing or secondary follicle

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time when first meiotic division of oocyte begins

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before birth

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secreted by follicular cells, keeps meiotic process of oocyte arrested

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oocyte maturation inhibitor

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time when first meiotic division is completed

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shortly before ovulation

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time when second meiotic division begins

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at ovulation

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time when second meiotic division is complete

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when sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte

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secretes progesterone and estrogen; enlarges and increases hormone production when oocyte is fertilized; under control of hCG

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Corpus Luteum

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scar tissue that is formed when Corpus Luteum degenerates if oocyte is not fertilized

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corpus albicans

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secrete antibodies that bind to antigens

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B lymphocytes

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found in gamma globulins class of plasma protein

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antibodies

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cell mediated response to T-lymphocytes

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delayed hypersensitivity

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results when and allergen provokes the production of antibodies in the IgE class

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immediate hypersensitivity

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first to arrive at site of infection

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neutrophils

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late arrival and can be transformed into macrophages

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monocytes

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molecule that stimulates an immune response; usually proteins of polysaccharides; stimulate production of specific antibody

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antigen