Human Physiology Exam 3 - Efferrent Pns

Front 1

In the PNS there are two different pathways, what are they?

Back 1

Afferent (sensory neurons)
Efferent (Terminate on effectors)

Front 2

There are two different kinds of efferent pathways, what are they?

Back 2

Somatic motor pathways (mostly voluntary control of skeletal muscle)
Autonomic pathways (mostly involuntary control)

Front 3

What are the two different divisions of the autonomic pathway?

Back 3

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Front 4

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located, and what kind of neuron are they?

Back 4

spinal cord or brainstem
multipolar

Front 5

True or False: motor axons are myelinated?

Back 5

True

Front 6

Motor axons release ________ onto ________ receptor.

Back 6

Acetylcholine
Nicotinic cholenergic

Front 7

What are the two primary neurotransitters of the PNS?

Back 7

NE and ACh

Front 8

What kind of receptors does NE use?

Back 8

Alpha adrenergic receptors
Beta adrenergic receptors

Front 9

What kind of receptors does ACh use?

Back 9

muscarinic cholinergic receptors
nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Front 10

Describe #1

Back 10

Action potential arrives at the synaptic knob (axon terminus)

Front 11

Describe #2

Back 11

Ca++ channels open, Ca++ folows into the axon terminus down its electrochemical gradient.

Front 12

Describe #3

Back 12

Acetylcholine is exocytosed into the synapse

Front 13

Describe #4

Back 13

ACh diffuses across the synapse and binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Front 14

Describe #5

Back 14

Nicotinic receptor allows Na+ influx and K+ efflux. Overall, Na+ influx exceeds K+ efflux and the uscle cell depolarizes.

Front 15

Describe #6

Back 15

Acetylcholine is degraded by the enzyme AChE that is found in the synapse.

Front 16

Where is the cell body for the preganglionic neuron located?

Back 16

The CNS

Front 17

Where is the synapse of the preganglionic and post ganglionic neuron located?

Back 17

Occurs in the autonomic ganglia, outside of the CNS

Front 18

What do the postganglionic neurons synapse with?

Back 18

Target tissue (effector organ)

Front 19

Describe #1-4

Back 19

1) Parasympathetic
3) Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
4) Acetylcholine
2) Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptors

Front 20

Describe #1-4

Back 20

1) Parasympathetic
3) Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
4) Acetylcholine
2) Cholinergic Muscarinic Receptors

Front 21

Describe #3-7

Back 21

6) Symthathetic
3) Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
4) Acetylcholine
5) Norepinephrine
7) Adrenergic alpha or beta receptors

Front 22

What are the CNS exit points for the Parasympathetic Pathways?

Back 22

Cranial nerves (including cranial nerve X, the Vagus) and sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4)

Front 23

What are the CNS exit points for the Sympathetic Pathways?

Back 23

Thoractic spinals nerves (T1-T12) and lumbar spinal nerves (L1 & L2)

Front 24

Where is the location of ganglia for the parasympathetic pathway?

Back 24

Parasypathetic ganglia and on target tissue.

Front 25

Where is the location of ganglia for the sympathetic pathway?

Back 25

Sympathetic chain and collateral sympathetic ganglia

Front 26

What is the general function of the parasympathetic pathway?

Back 26

Rest and digest

Front 27

What is the general function of the sympathetic pathway?

Back 27

Fight or flight

Front 28

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the heart?

Back 28

Increases force and rate of contractions

Front 29

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the heart?

Back 29

Decreases rate of contraction

Front 30

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the blood vessels?

Back 30

Vasoconstriction (a1) and vasodilation (b2)

Front 31

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the blood vessels?

Back 31

none

Front 32

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the bronchioles of the lung?

Back 32

dilation

Front 33

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the bronchioles of the lung?

Back 33

constriction

Front 34

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the digestive tract motility?

Back 34

decreased

Front 35

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the digestive tract motility?

Back 35

increased

Front 36

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the digestive tract secretions?

Back 36

Inhibited

Front 37

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the digestive tract secretions?

Back 37

stimulated

Front 38

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the pancreas exocrine function?

Back 38

inhibited

Front 39

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the pancreas exocrine function?

Back 39

stimulated

Front 40

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the salivary glands?

Back 40

mucous secretion

Front 41

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the salivary glands?

Back 41

watery secretion

Front 42

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the bladder wall muscle?

Back 42

relaxation

Front 43

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the bladder wall muscle?

Back 43

contraction

Front 44

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the bladder sphincter?

Back 44

contraction

Front 45

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the bladder sphincter?

Back 45

relaxation

Front 46

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the penis?

Back 46

Ejaculation

Front 47

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the penis?

Back 47

erection (vasodilation)

Front 48

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the uterus?

Back 48

Contraction (a1) and relaxation (B2)

Front 49

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the uterus?

Back 49

none

Front 50

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the sweat glands?

Back 50

Secretion

Front 51

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the sweat glands?

Back 51

Secretion

Front 52

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the piloerector muscles?

Back 52

contraction

Front 53

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the piloerector muscles?

Back 53

none

Front 54

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the iris (pupil) of the eye?

Back 54

Dilation (radial muscle contracts)

Front 55

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the iris (pupil) of the eye?

Back 55

Constricts (cicrcular muscle contracts)

Front 56

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the lens of the eye?

Back 56

Ciliary muscle relaxes (small effect)

Front 57

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the lens of the eye?

Back 57

Ciliary muscles contract (near vision)

Front 58

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the liver?

Back 58

Glycogen catabolism, gluconeogenesis, fat catabolism

Front 59

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the liver?

Back 59

none

Front 60

The Adrenal medula consists of modified ________ ________ neurons that secrete ___ and ___ into the blood.

Back 60

Postganglionic
Sympathetic
E
NE

Front 61

What kind of receptors do E and NE target throughout the body?

Back 61

Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors

Front 62

Why is it important that the adrenal medulla allows catecholamines to stimulate adrenergic receptors without direct neural connections to the respective target tissue?

Back 62

So the body can activate a systemic sympathetic response quickly.

Front 63

The Adrenal medula consists of modified ________ ________ neurons that secrete ___ and ___ into the blood.

Back 63

Postganglionic
Sympathetic
E
NE

Front 64

What kind of receptors do E and NE target throughout the body?

Back 64

Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors

Front 65

Why is it important that the adrenal medulla allows catecholamines to stimulate adrenergic receptors without direct neural connections to the respective target tissue?

Back 65

So the body can activate a systemic sympathetic response quickly.

Front 66

How many neurons are inovlved in the efferent parasympathetic pathway?

Back 66

Two

Front 67

What are the effector organs in the parasympathetic pathway?

Back 67

Cardiac and smooth muscle
Glands

Front 68

What is the neurotransmitter at the final target in the efferent parasympathetic pathway?

Back 68

ACh

Front 69

What effect does the efferent parasympathetic system have on the target tissue?

Back 69

Excitation or inhibition

Front 70

What kind of control does the efferent parasympathetic system on target tissue?

Back 70

Primarily involuntary

Front 71

In the efferent parasympathetic system what components are found outside of the CNS?

Back 71

Preganglionic axons,
ganglia,
post ganglionic neurons

Front 72

How many neurons are there in the efferent sympathetic pathway?

Back 72

Two

Front 73

What are the effector organs in the efferent sympathetic pathway

Back 73

Cardiac and smooth muscle
glands

Front 74

In the efferent sympathetic pathway, what neurotransmitter is at the final target?

Back 74

NE

Front 75

In the efferent sympathetic pathway, what receptor is at the final target?

Back 75

A and B adrenergic

Front 76

What effect does the efferent sympathetic pathway have on the target tissue?

Back 76

excitation or inhibition

Front 77

What kind of control does the efferent sympathetic system use?

Back 77

Primarily involuntary

Front 78

What components of the efferent sympathetic pathway are found outside of the CNS?

Back 78

Preganglionic axons
Ganglia
Postganglionic neurons

Front 79

How many neurons are there in the efferent adrenal pathway?

Back 79

One

Front 80

What effector organs are involved in the efferent adrenal pathway?

Back 80

many

Front 81

In the efferent adrenal pathway, what is the neurotransmitter at the final target?

Back 81

Mostly E, some NE

Front 82

In the efferent adrenal pathway, what is the receptor at the final target?

Back 82

A and B adrenergic

Front 83

What effect does the efferent adrenal pathway have on it's target tissues?

Back 83

Excitation or inhibition

Front 84

What kind of control does the efferent adrenal pathway have on it's target tissue?

Back 84

Primarily involuntary

Front 85

What components of the efferent adrenal pathway are located outside of the CNS?

Back 85

Preganglionic axons, entire adrenal medulla

Front 86

How many neurons are involved in the efferent somatic pathway?

Back 86

One

Front 87

What are the effector organs in the efferent somatic pathway?

Back 87

Skeletal muscle

Front 88

In the efferent somatic pathway, what is the neurotransmitter at the final target?

Back 88

ACh

Front 89

In the efferrent somatic pathway, what is the receptor at the final target?

Back 89

Nicotinic cholinergic

Front 90

What effect does the efferent somatic pathway have on the target tissue?

Back 90

Excitation

Front 91

What kind of control does the efferent somatic pathway use?

Back 91

primarily voluntary

Front 92

What components of the efferent somatic pathway are located outside of the CNS?

Back 92

Axons only

Front 93

What kind of control does the efferent somatic pathway use?

Back 93

primarily voluntary

Front 94

What do autonomic neuroeffector junctions consist of?

Back 94

synapses between postganlionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons and the effector organs that they innervate.

Front 95

What kind of control does the efferent somatic pathway use?

Back 95

primarily voluntary

Front 96

What components of the efferent somatic pathway are located outside of the CNS?

Back 96

Axons only

Front 97

Instead of synaptic knobs (which are present in neuromuscular synapses) at the terminus of the neuroeffector synapses post ganglionic autonomic synapses are produced by:

Back 97

Autonimic varicosities which are swollen regions along the post ganlionic neurons

Front 98

What do autonomic neuroeffector junctions consist of?

Back 98

synapses between postganlionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons and the effector organs that they innervate.

Front 99

What components of the efferent somatic pathway are located outside of the CNS?

Back 99

Axons only

Front 100

Neurotransmitter is released from the ________ in neuroeffector synapses.

Back 100

Varicosities

Front 101

Instead of synaptic knobs (which are present in neuromuscular synapses) at the terminus of the neuroeffector synapses post ganglionic autonomic synapses are produced by:

Back 101

Autonimic varicosities which are swollen regions along the post ganlionic neurons

Front 102

What do autonomic neuroeffector junctions consist of?

Back 102

synapses between postganlionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons and the effector organs that they innervate.

Front 103

Neurotransmitter is released from the ________ in neuroeffector synapses.

Back 103

Varicosities

Front 104

Instead of synaptic knobs (which are present in neuromuscular synapses) at the terminus of the neuroeffector synapses post ganglionic autonomic synapses are produced by:

Back 104

Autonimic varicosities which are swollen regions along the post ganlionic neurons

Front 105

Neurotransmitter is released from the ________ in neuroeffector synapses.

Back 105

Varicosities

Front 106

Describe the steps for neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic pathway

Back 106

1- action potential arrives
2- Ca++ channels open
3- Exocytosis of NE ito synapse
4- Binging of NE to G-protein linked receptor (a and b adrenergic)
5- NE is reabsorbed into the varicosity and is also lost via diffusion
6- NE is catabolized by MAO in mitochondria

Front 107

Describe the steps for neurotransmitter release in teh parasympathetic pathway

Back 107

1- action potential arrives
2- Ca++ channels open
3- exocytosis of ACh into synapse
4- binding of ACh to G-protein linked receptor (muscarinic)
5- ACh is catabolized by AChE and acetyl is lost via diffusion.
6- Choline is reabsorbed

Front 108

Describe the steps for neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic pathway

Back 108

1- action potential arrives
2- Ca++ channels open
3- Exocytosis of NE into synapse
4- Binding of NE to G-protein linked receptor (a and b adrenergic)
5- NE is reabsorbed into the varicosity and is also lost via diffusion
6- NE is catabolized by MAO in mitochondria

Front 109

Describe the steps for neurotransmitter release in teh parasympathetic pathway

Back 109

1- action potential arrives
2- Ca++ channels open
3- exocytosis of ACh into synapse
4- binding of ACh to G-protein linked receptor (muscarinic)
5- ACh is catabolized by AChE and acetyl is lost via diffusion.
6- Choline is reabsorbed