• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/18

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Basic Chemical reactions
Anabolic - build;
catabolic - break down;
Metabolic - a+x --> B--> C--> D;
Bidirectional - a+b<-->C;
law of mass action - pushing reaction a<-->b, pushing the binding of a hormone to a receptor a+b<-->C;
Classifying biological reactions
Producing and consuming water;
Hydrolysis - a-b + H2O --> A-OH + B-H, exp splitting dipeptide, splitting a disaccharide into two monosaccharide;
condensation - A-OH +B-H = A-B+ H2O;
Gaining and losing electrons;
oxidation - making more bonds with O, C is oxidized in the process of cellular respiration, releases energy;
Reductions - making more bonds to H, C is reduced in the process of photosynthesis, requires energy;
gaining and losing phosphates;
phosphorylation - R+ATP --> R-P + ADP;
Dephosphorylation - C-P --> P1 + C;
Exergonic and exogonic reactions
exergonic - energy released;
exogonic - energy required;
activation energies
enzymes - take activation energies and shrink them;
enzyme
are proteins (polypeptides);
are not consumed;
lower activation energies;
do not contribute energy to their reactions;
for endergonic reactions, ATP may be needed;
are specific to substrate;
factors that influence enzyme function
environmental conditions;
substrate concentration;
enzyme concentration;
catalytic rate of the enzyme;
enzyme activation, modulation, and inhibition (Cofactors, Modulators, Phosphorylation, and competitive inhibitors)
Cofactors - inorganic ions or organic such as coenzymes, vitamin C modded for collagen synthesis;
Modulators - allosteric modulators can increase (activators) or decrease (inhibitor) rate of enzyme function;
Phosphorylation of enzymes - attachment of a phosphate to an enzyme can decrease or increase its function;
Competitive inhibitors - compete for the active site, reducing the rate of substrate catalysis, exp. penicillin and orlistat (alli)
Cellular respiration
Cytosol - glycolysis;
Mitochondrion - pyruvate decarboxylation, krebs cycle, electron transport chain;
Pyruvate decarboxylation
2 pyruvate + 2NAD+ 2 CoA --> 2 acetyl-Coa+ 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2H;
occurs in mitochondrial matrix;
catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase;
Krebs Cycle
2 acetyl-CoA+ 2ADP + 2P + 2FAD+ 6NAD +6 H2O --> 2CoA + 4CO2 + 2ATP + 2FADH2 + 6NADH + 6H;
occurs in mitochondrial matrix;
Electron Transport Chain
high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2;
from eac glucose molecule, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced;
each NADH contains enough energy to produce 3 ATP in the ETC and each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP in the ETC;
O2 is the final electron acceptor;
fermentation
lactate fermentation, ethanol fermentation;
lactate accumulation indirectly contributes to muscle fatigue;
lactate does not cause muscle soreness (DOMS);
low intensity exercise, nearly no fermentation;
high intensity exercise, nearly no aerobic metabolism;
Fat catabolism
lipase removes fatty acids;
glycerol is catabolized in glycolysis;
fatty acids are catabolized through beta oxidation;
Ketosis and acidosis
ketone bodies are produced in the liver;
one week, brain will convert to ketone bodies as fuel;
heart relies on a steady supply of ketone bodies;
ketone bodies are slightly acidic and may lead to acidosis;
Protein catabolism
amino acids are deaminated locally and NH4 is released to the blood;
urea synthesis occurs in the liver from NH4;
urea is excreted in the urine;
organic acids are catabolized in either glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, or krebs;
frequently, organic acids must undergo further enzymatic modification before they can enter cellular respiration
carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism
glycogen catabolism - glycogen --> glucose;
glycolysis - glucose --> pyruvate;
fermentation - pyruvate --> lactate;
Glycogen catabolism in the liver compared to skeletal muscle
Liver - glycogen -> glucose-6-phosphate -> glucose-6-phosphatase -> glucose -> blood;
Muscle - glycogen -> glucose -6- phosphate -> pyruvate (unable to leave muscle fiber
Protein synthesis
occurs via ribosomes, either free in the cytosol or present on the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER);
free AA are obtained from either the digestive tract or from catabolism of protein in tissues;
non-essential AA can be produced from essential AA;