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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basic Chemical reactions
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Anabolic - build;
catabolic - break down; Metabolic - a+x --> B--> C--> D; Bidirectional - a+b<-->C; law of mass action - pushing reaction a<-->b, pushing the binding of a hormone to a receptor a+b<-->C; |
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Classifying biological reactions
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Producing and consuming water;
Hydrolysis - a-b + H2O --> A-OH + B-H, exp splitting dipeptide, splitting a disaccharide into two monosaccharide; condensation - A-OH +B-H = A-B+ H2O; Gaining and losing electrons; oxidation - making more bonds with O, C is oxidized in the process of cellular respiration, releases energy; Reductions - making more bonds to H, C is reduced in the process of photosynthesis, requires energy; gaining and losing phosphates; phosphorylation - R+ATP --> R-P + ADP; Dephosphorylation - C-P --> P1 + C; |
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Exergonic and exogonic reactions
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exergonic - energy released;
exogonic - energy required; |
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activation energies
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enzymes - take activation energies and shrink them;
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enzyme
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are proteins (polypeptides);
are not consumed; lower activation energies; do not contribute energy to their reactions; for endergonic reactions, ATP may be needed; are specific to substrate; |
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factors that influence enzyme function
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environmental conditions;
substrate concentration; enzyme concentration; catalytic rate of the enzyme; |
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enzyme activation, modulation, and inhibition (Cofactors, Modulators, Phosphorylation, and competitive inhibitors)
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Cofactors - inorganic ions or organic such as coenzymes, vitamin C modded for collagen synthesis;
Modulators - allosteric modulators can increase (activators) or decrease (inhibitor) rate of enzyme function; Phosphorylation of enzymes - attachment of a phosphate to an enzyme can decrease or increase its function; Competitive inhibitors - compete for the active site, reducing the rate of substrate catalysis, exp. penicillin and orlistat (alli) |
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Cellular respiration
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Cytosol - glycolysis;
Mitochondrion - pyruvate decarboxylation, krebs cycle, electron transport chain; |
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Pyruvate decarboxylation
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2 pyruvate + 2NAD+ 2 CoA --> 2 acetyl-Coa+ 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2H;
occurs in mitochondrial matrix; catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase; |
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Krebs Cycle
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2 acetyl-CoA+ 2ADP + 2P + 2FAD+ 6NAD +6 H2O --> 2CoA + 4CO2 + 2ATP + 2FADH2 + 6NADH + 6H;
occurs in mitochondrial matrix; |
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Electron Transport Chain
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high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2;
from eac glucose molecule, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced; each NADH contains enough energy to produce 3 ATP in the ETC and each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP in the ETC; O2 is the final electron acceptor; |
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fermentation
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lactate fermentation, ethanol fermentation;
lactate accumulation indirectly contributes to muscle fatigue; lactate does not cause muscle soreness (DOMS); low intensity exercise, nearly no fermentation; high intensity exercise, nearly no aerobic metabolism; |
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Fat catabolism
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lipase removes fatty acids;
glycerol is catabolized in glycolysis; fatty acids are catabolized through beta oxidation; |
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Ketosis and acidosis
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ketone bodies are produced in the liver;
one week, brain will convert to ketone bodies as fuel; heart relies on a steady supply of ketone bodies; ketone bodies are slightly acidic and may lead to acidosis; |
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Protein catabolism
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amino acids are deaminated locally and NH4 is released to the blood;
urea synthesis occurs in the liver from NH4; urea is excreted in the urine; organic acids are catabolized in either glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, or krebs; frequently, organic acids must undergo further enzymatic modification before they can enter cellular respiration |
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carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism
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glycogen catabolism - glycogen --> glucose;
glycolysis - glucose --> pyruvate; fermentation - pyruvate --> lactate; |
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Glycogen catabolism in the liver compared to skeletal muscle
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Liver - glycogen -> glucose-6-phosphate -> glucose-6-phosphatase -> glucose -> blood;
Muscle - glycogen -> glucose -6- phosphate -> pyruvate (unable to leave muscle fiber |
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Protein synthesis
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occurs via ribosomes, either free in the cytosol or present on the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER);
free AA are obtained from either the digestive tract or from catabolism of protein in tissues; non-essential AA can be produced from essential AA; |