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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two main functions of the respiratory system? |
Gas exchange and control of blood pH
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CO2 + H2O -> what?
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H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
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H2CO3 dissociates into what?
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H+ and HCO3- (Bicarbonate Ion)
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CO2 is a source of what in the body?
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Acid
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If you breathe too slowly, what happens to the CO2 levels?
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CO2 levels rise and blood becomes too acidic
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If you breathe too fast, what happens to the CO2 levels?
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CO2 leves drop and blood becomes too basic
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What are the four events of respiration?
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1. Pulmonary Ventilation
2. External Respiration 3. Transport of Gases 4. Internal Respiration |
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What two events of the four are part of the respiratory system?
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Pulmonary Ventilation and External Respiration
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What two events of the four are part of the cardiovascular system?
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Transport of gases and Internal Respiration
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Of the four events of respiration, which one overlaps into both the respiration system and cardiovascular system?
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Only the External Respiration
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What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
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Breathing!
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1 atm of pressure is equal to what?
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760 mm Hg
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In the air, how much of it is oxygen?
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21%
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In the air, how much of it is nitrogen?
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78%
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In the air, how much of it is other gases including CO2?
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1%
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Glucose + O2 --> what?
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CO2 + H2O + ATP
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What is external respiration?
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O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
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During external respiration, O2 moves FROM the alveoli INTO what?
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Into the pulmonary capillaries
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CO2 moves FROM pulmonary capillaries INTO what?
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Into the alveoli
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What occurs during the the third phase, the transport of gases?
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O2 and CO2 is carried in the blood to the rest of the body
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Where does external respiration occur?
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In the pulmonary circuit
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Where does internal respiration occur?
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In the systemic circuit
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What is internal respiration?
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O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic capillaries and tissues
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In internal respiration, O2 moves FROM what INTO what?
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O2 moves FROM systemic capillaries INTO tissue cells
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In internal respiration, CO2 moves FROM what INTO what?
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CO2 moves FROM tissue cells INTO systemic capillaries
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What are the two anatomic zones of the Respiratory System?
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Conducting and Respiratory Zones
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What is the Conducting Zone?
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It is the zone where air is conducted along thick-walled passages due to pressure differences
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Does diffusion of gases occur in the Conducting Zone?
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NO
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What is another name for the Conducting Zone?
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Dead Air Space
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What are the 6 anatomical parts of the body that are part of the Conducting Zone?
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Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles, and Terminal Bronchioles
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What are the two main fuctions of the Conducting Zone?
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1. Conducts air to the respiratory zone
2. Moistens, warms, filters and cleans the inspired air |
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Inhaled particles are trapped where?
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In the mucus and removed by the cilia
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What is the respiratory zone?
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It is the site of external respiration where passages are single cell thick and allow the diffusion of gases
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What anatomical parts of the body make up the Respiratory Zone?
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Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveolar sacts
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What are Alveolar sacs?
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Clusters of Alveoli
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How many alveoli are there in the lungs?
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Around 300 million
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What is the purpose of so many alveoli in the lungs?
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To provide large surface area for gas exchange!!!
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Which of the four events of respiration are carried out ENTIRELY by the respiratory system?
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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What zone includes structures from the nose to the terminal bronchioles?
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Conducting Zone
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What zone is the site of external respiration?
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Respiratory Zone
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Where is the site of internal respiration?
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In the systemic circuit
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What zone includes the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli?
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Respiratory Zone
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What zone's functions are to warm, cleanse, and moisten the inspired air?
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Conducting Zone
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What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
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1. Inspiration (Breathe In)
2. Expiration (Breathe out) |
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Air moves by what due to what kind of differences during pulmonary ventilation?
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Air moves by FLOW due to PRESSURE differences during pulmonary ventilation
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What is ohm's law?
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Ohm's law is the change in pressure equals flow times resistance
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According to Ohm's Law, flow occurs passively from what to what pressure?
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Occurs passively from HIGH pressure to LOW pressure
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During respiration, direction of air flow depends on the difference between what two pressures?
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Atmospheric pressure and Interpulmonary pressure
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What is atmospheric pressure?
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P(atm) is the pressure outside the body
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What is interpulmonary pressure?
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P(lungs or pul) is the pressure in the alveoli that fluctuates with breathing
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During inspiration, is atmospheric pressure greater than or less than interpulmonary pressure? What occurs?
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Greater than! Air flows into the lungs
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During expiration, is atmospheric pressure greater than or less than interpulmonary pressure? What occurs?
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Less than! Air flows out of the lungs
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When during the breathing cycle does atmospheric pressure equal interpulmonary pressure?
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At the end of both inspiration and expiration
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If change in pressure equals 0, what else is true?
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Flow also equals 0
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When atmospheric pressure equals interpulmonary pressure, is there air flow?
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NO
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TRUE OR FALSE: When atmospheric pressure equals interpulmonary pressure there is no air flow.
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TRUE
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Boyle's law relates what two things?
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Pressure and Volume
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For a sealed container, Pressure times Volume equals what?
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Constant
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As volume degreases, pressure what?
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INCREASES
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As volume increases, pressure what?
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DECREASES
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Pressure results from what?
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Pressure results from gas molecules striking each other and the container
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P1xV1= what?
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P2xV2
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During inspiration, the lung volume is increasing or decreasing?
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Increases!
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During inspiration, the lung pressure is increasing or decreasing?
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Decreasing!
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During expiration, the lung volume is increasing or decreasing?
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Decreasing!
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During expiration, the lung pressure is increasing or decreasing?
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Increasing!
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How can we change lung volume?
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By changing the volume of the thoracic cavity!
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Increased thoracic volume causes what in terms of lung volume and lung pressure?
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Increases lung volume and decreases lung pressure
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If there is increased lung volume and decreased lung pressure, what occurs?
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Air flows into the lungs!
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Why does movements of the thoracic cavity cause movements of the lung walls?
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Surface tension due to pleural fluid causes the lungs to follow the chest wall
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What are pleural membranes?
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Thin double-layered membranes that cover the lungs
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What are the two main functions of pleural membrains?
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To cover the lungs and to line the thoracic cavity
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What is visceral pleura?
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It is the membrane that covers each lung
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What is parietal pleura?
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It is the membrane that lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
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What do the pleural membranes secrete? Where does it go?
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They secrete pleural fluid which fills the pleural cavity
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Each lung is surrounded by its own what membrane?
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Its own pleural membrane
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What is the function of pleural fluid?
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Reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic cavity and create surface tension between the lungs and the thoracic cavity
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Why do we want the pleural fluid to create surface tension?
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Allows lungs to follow movements of the ches
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What is intrapleural pressure?
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It is the pressure in the pleural cavity (outside the lungs)
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Intrapleural pressure is always a what king of pressure compared to P(lungs) and P(atm)?
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NEGATIVE. ITS ALWAYS NEGATIVE
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The negative intrapleural pressure is caused by what kind of forces?
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Opposing forces!
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The negative intrapleural pressure is caused by the tendencies of what?
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Negative due to the tendency of the lungs to recoil and collapse and the tendency of the chest wall to enlarge and spring out
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Surface tension due to pleural fluid causes the lungs to what? What does this prevent?
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Causes the lungs to adhere to the thoracic wall which prevents the lungs from collapsing
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What is the fancy name for lung collapse?
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Atelectasis
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If P(ip) equals P(lungs) or P(atm), what occurs?
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The lungs collapse
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What is another cause of a lung collapsing? What's it's fancy name?
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A wound that lets air enter the pleural cavity called a pneumothorax.
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What causes the thoracic cavity to change volume?
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Contraction of the breathing muscles
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When the breathing muscles contract, what happens to the thoracic cavity?
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It expands!
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TRUE OR FALSE: Breathing muscles are voluntary.
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TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE: Breathing muscles are skeletal muscles.
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TRUE
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What is the most important muscle in inspiration?
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The Diaphragm!
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What is the diaphragm?
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It is the large dome-shaped skeletal muscle beneath the rib cage
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What does the diaphragm do to cause inspiration?
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It contracts!
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During inspiration, the diaphragm does what?
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Flattens and increases the height of the thoracic cavity
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What are the external intercostal muscles? What do they do?
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They are the muscles that contract to elevate the ribs which increases the width of the thoracic cavity
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What are the 5 events of Quiet Inspiration?
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1. Inspiratory muscles contract
2. Thoracic cavity volume increases 3. Lungs are stretched, their volume increases 4. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases 5. Air flows into the lungs |
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The diaphragm moves in what direction during contraction?
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Inferiorly!
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Is quiet expiration a active or passive process?
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Passive process
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What are the 5 events of quiet expiration?
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1. Diaphragm rises and ribs decend
2. Thoracic volume degreases 3. Lung volume decreases 4. Intrapulmonary pressure increases 5. Air flows out of the lungs |
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The diaphragm moves in what direction as it relaxes?
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Superiorly
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What is forced inspiration?
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It is the contracting of the diaphragm and external intercostals as well as the neck muscles to further elevate the ribs
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What is the purpose of forced inspiration?
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Draws more air into the lungs
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Is forced expiration a passive or active process?
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Active Process
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What is forced expiration?
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It is the contracting of the internal intercostal muscles to depress the ribs and the contracting of abdominal muscles to push abdominal viscera up into the diaphragm
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What is the purpose of forced expiration?
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Helps force more air out of the lungs
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What muscles get super sore when you cough a lot?
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The Internal intercostal muscles
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Why must the rate and depth of breathing be regulated?
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To supply enough O2 to the brain and to control CO2 in the blood to regulate pH
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How is breathing controlled?
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Involevs a neural reflex by negative feedback
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What is the variable in breathing?
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Rate and depth of ventilation
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What is the control center of the respiratory system?
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Medulla and pons
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Negative feedback increases or decreases initial stimulus?
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DECREASES
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What is the medulla? Where is it?
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Clusters of neurons that initiate rythmic breathing in the brain stem
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What are the two groups that are part of the Medulla?
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Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) and the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
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Which group in the Medulla is the most important to initiate rythmic breathing?
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The Ventral Respiratory Group
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What is the Pons? Where is it?
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The Pons has neurons that fine-tune breathing in the brain stem
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The Pons and Medulla both have neurons that are self-what?
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Self-Exciting
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What is the Ventral Respiratory Group?
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It is the group in the Medulla that generates a rhythmic breathing
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How fast does the VRG generate breathing at rest?
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12 - 15 breaths/minute
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Do Inspiratory neurons in the VRG fire spontaneously?
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YES THEY DO. Every 2 seconds
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When inspiratory neurons in the VRG fire spontanously, what do they cause?
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They excite the inspiratory muscles which contract and cause inspiration
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What are expiratory neurons in the VRG?
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They inhibit inspiratory neurons
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What do expiratory neurons in the VRG do?
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They inhibit the inspiratory neurons which causes the muscles to relax and allows for quiet expiration
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Neurons in the DRG integrate sensory input and modify what?
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Modify the rhythms generated by the VRG
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Pontine Respiratory Centers interact with what?
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They interact with VRG and DRG
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What do pontine respiratory centers do?
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They smooth out transitions between inspiration and expiration
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What is the purpose of sensory input to respiratory centers?
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Various sensory inputs speed up or slow down breathing
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Sensory input include what kinds of signals?
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Both neural and chemical signals
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Sensory input goes where?
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Sensory input goes to the respiratory control centers in the medulla and pons
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What controls physical responses to emotion?
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The hypothalamus
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What gives us voluntary control?
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Cerebral Cortex
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Receptors and emotional stimuli act through what in the brain?
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The hypothalamus
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What give the greatest control of breathing?
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Peripheral and central chemoreceptors!
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Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreasing concentrations of what?
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O2
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Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to increasing concentrations of what?
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CO2 and H+
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Central Chemoreceptors respond to increasing concentrations of what?
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CO2 and H+
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Central Chemoreceptors respond to concentrations of what?
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ONLY CO2 and H+
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Which chemoreceptors are the only ones that respond to O2 concentrations?
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ONLY the Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changing O2 levels
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Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
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Aorta and Carotid Arteries
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What results from when peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated?
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Ventilation increases!
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Where are central chemoreceptors located?
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In the Medulla
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Central chemoreceptors respond to what?
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Chemical changes in ECF around neurons
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Central chemoreceptors increase or decrease ventilation rate when CO2 or H+ is too high?
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INCREASE ventilation rate
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What is one of the most important factors controlling breathing?
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Arterial CO2 levels
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What is the fancy name for CO2 levels being too high?
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Hypercapnia
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During hypercapnia, CO2 accumulates where?
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In the arterial blood and in the ECF around neurons in medulla
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Increased H+ stimulates what chemoreceptors?
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Peripheral and central chemoreceptors
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Chemoreceptors stimulate what?
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Respiratory centers that inrease the depth and rate of breathing
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What is the effect of hypoventilation?
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CO2 builds up but after a while it stimulates receptors to start breathing again
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What is the effect of hyperventilation?
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Lose too much CO2
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What does the body respond with when you hyperventilate?
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Less stimulus to respiratory centers trigger ventilation to decrease so you retain CO2
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Absence of CO2 causes what?
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Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to the brain and may cause you to faint due to lack of blood
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What is the fancy word for fainting due to lack of blood?
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Ischemia
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Why does it help to breathe into a paper bag during a panic attack?
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Rebreathing your own CO2 allows blood vessels to vasodilate
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Ventilation is stimulated ONLY when there is a substantial drop in what?
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Arterial pressure of P02
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At 14260 feet, how much oxygen is available?
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Only 60% of what's available at sea level
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