Human Physiology-Chapter 16

Front 1

What type of respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the tissues and blood?

Back 1

Internal Respiration

Front 2

What type of respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the aveoli's and blood?

Back 2

External Respiration

Front 3

What is the process of obtaining 02 and elimates C02?

Back 3

Respiration

Front 4

True or False: Ventilation is another word for breathing.

Back 4

True

Front 5

What is the purose of surfactant?

Back 5

Decrease surface tension

Allow alveoli to stay open

Gas exchange

Lubrication

Front 6

What type of cells are flat and single layered?

Back 6

Type I alveoli cells

Front 7

What type of cells secrete surfactant?

Back 7

Type II alveoli Cells

Front 8

What is surfactant composed of?

Back 8

Lipids

Front 9

What is given to neonates with NRDS?

Back 9

Artificial surfactant

Front 10

What does NRDS stand for?

Back 10

Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front 11

Where is the respiratory zone does no gas exchange occur?

Back 11

Terminal Bronchioles

Front 12

What is another word for the conducting zone?

Back 12

Dead zone

Front 13

What is the name of the layer that touches the lung?

Back 13

Visceral Pleura

Front 14

What is the number that measures atmospheric pressure?

Back 14

760 mm Hg

Front 15

What are the names of the three pressures needed for breathing?

Back 15

-Atmospheric Pressure

-Intrapulmonary Pressure

-Intrapleural Pressure

Front 16

Where is the Intrapulmonary pressure located?

Back 16

In the alveoli

Front 17

Where is the intrapleural pressure located?

Back 17

in the pleural sac

Front 18

What happens to pressure as the altitude increases?

Back 18

Pressure decreases

Front 19

What happenes to the air flow if the intrapulmonary pressure falls below 760?

Back 19

Air flows into the lungs

Front 20

What happens to the air flow if the intrapulmonary pressure goes higher than 760?

Back 20

Air flows out of lungs

Front 21

What type of pressure is considered to be a negative pressure?

Back 21

Intrapleural Pressure

Front 22

What type of pressure gradient does the intrapleural pressure produce?

Back 22

Transmural

Front 23

What does transmural mean?

Back 23

across wall

Front 24

What is the job of the transmural pressure gradient?

Back 24

keep lungs close to the thoracic wall

Front 25

Is the intrapleural pressure greater than or less than the atmospheric pressure? By how much?

Back 25

Less than; 3-6 mm Hg

Front 26

What happens during pneumothorax?

Back 26

Hole in chest =>Transmural pressure becomes 0 ==>lung collapes

Front 27

What happens to the lung volume and pressure during inhalation?

Back 27

Volume goes up ==>Pressure goes down

Front 28

What is another word for inhale?

Back 28

Inspiration

Front 29

What is Boyle's Law?

Back 29

Pressure = 1/volume

(inversely proportional)

Front 30

Which muscles contract during inhalation?

Back 30

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Front 31

What is another work for exhale?

Back 31

Expiration

Front 32

How does air flow during breathing?

Back 32

Passively from high to low

Front 33

How do we calculate air flow?

Back 33

Flow = Pressure/Resistance

Front 34

Which system stimulates bronchioconstriction?

Back 34

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Front 35

Which system stimulates bronchiodialation?

Back 35

Systemic Nervous System and Epinepherine

Front 36

What is the volume capacity for Tidal Volume?

Back 36

500 mL

Front 37

Which has a greater volume inspiratory reserve volume or expiratory reserve volume?

Back 37

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Front 38

True or False: During exercise, expiratory and inspiratory reserves increase in volume.

Back 38

False; decrease

Front 39

What is the lung volume capacity?

Back 39

5-6L (5,000-6,000 mL)

Front 40

Name two types of ventilation.

Back 40

Pulmonary & Alveolar

Front 41

How do we calculate Pulmonary Ventilation?

Back 41

Tidal Volume (ml/min) X Respiratory Rate (RR)

Front 42

If I want to increase ventilation, what will I need to increase?

Back 42

Tidal volume and Respiratory Rate

Front 43

How do you calculate Alveolar Ventilation?

Back 43

(Tidal Volume - Dead Space) X Respiratory Rate

Front 44

How much volume is exchanged through alveolar ventilation?

Back 44

4.2 L/min

Front 45

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero,

a. a pnemothorax has proaby occurred

b. the lungs cannot inflate

c. elastic recoil causes lungs to collapse

d. all of these apply

Back 45

d. all of these apply

Front 46

The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is

a. the tidal volume

b. the forced expiratory volumes

c. the vital capacity

d. the maximum expiratory flow rate

Back 46

c. the vital capacity

Front 47

If a person with normal lung function were to hyperventilate for several seconds, there would be a significant

a. increase in the arterial P02

b. decrease in the arterial PC02

c. Increase in the arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation

d. decrease in the arterial pH

Back 47

b. decrease in the arterial PC02

Front 48

Most of the C02 in the blood is carried in the form of

a. dissolved C02

b. carbaminohemoglobin

c. bicarbonate

d. carboxyhemoglobin

Back 48

c. bicarbonate

Front 49

The bicarbonate concentration of the blood would be decreased during

a. metabolic acidosis

b. respiratory acidosis

c. metabolic alkalosis

d. respiratory alkalosis

Back 49

a. metabolic acidosis

Front 50

Where is the rhythmicity center located?

Back 50

In the Medulla Oblongata

Front 51

Breathing is affected by chemoreceptors sensitive to what?

Back 51

Pc02

P02

pH

Front 52

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

Back 52

medulla oblongata

Front 53

At what volume do the tidal volumes inhibit inspiration by strech receptors in the lungs?

Back 53

1 L or more

Front 54

What is hemoglobin composed of?

Back 54

2 alpha polypeptides

2 beta polypeptides

4 heme groups

Front 55

What is hemoglobin called when iron is in its reduced form and not attached to oxygen?

Back 55

deoxyhemoglobin

Front 56

What is another term used to desribe deoxyhemoglobin?

Back 56

Reduced hemoglobin

Front 57

What is hemoglobin called when iron is in its reduced form and attached to oxygen?

Back 57

Oxyhemoglobin

Front 58

What is the henoglobin called when iron is attached to carbon monoxide?

Back 58

Carboxyhemoglobin

Front 59

What is the hemoglobin called when iron is in an oxidized state and unable to transport any gas?

Back 59

methemoglobin

Front 60

What type of reaction does deoxyhemoglin combine with oxygen in the lungs?

Back 60

Loading reaction

Front 61

What type of reation does deoxyhemoglobin break its bonds in the tissue cappilaries?

Back 61

Unloading Reaction

Front 62

What is a graph of percent of oxyhemoglobin saturations at different values of P0?

Back 62

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Front 63

At rest, the difference between arterial and venous oxyhemoglobin saturations indicates about how much percent of the oxyhemoglobin unloads its oxygen into the tissues?

Back 63

22%

Front 64

During exercise, what happens to the venous P02 and percet of oxyhemoglobin saturation?

Back 64

Decreased

Front 65

During exercise, what do decreased levels of P02 and percent of oxyhemoglobin saturation indicate?

Back 65

High percentage of oxyhemoglobin has unloaded its oxygen into the tissues?

Front 66

What influences the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Back 66

the pH and temperature of blood

Front 67

What decreases the affinity of blood?

Back 67

fall in pH

Front 68

What increases the affinity of blood?

Back 68

rise in pH

Front 69

Who discovered affect pH has on the affinity of blood?

Back 69

Bohr

Front 70

A rise in temperature increases or decrease the affinty of blood?

Back 70

decreases

Front 71

What happens when the blood affinty decreases?

Back 71

-Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shfted to the right

-Indicates greater unloading percentage of oxygen in the tissues

Front 72

What is the organic molecule called that also decreases the affinity of hemoglobin?

Back 72

2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid

Front 73

What type of hemoglobin cannot bind to 2,3-DPG?

Back 73

Fetal hemoglobin

Front 74

What do striated nuscles contain?

Back 74

Myoglobin

Front 75

All of the followng can bond wih hemoglobin except:

a. HCO3-

b. O2-

c. H+

d. CO2+

e. NO

Back 75

a. HCO3-

Front 76

Nitrogen makes up what percentage of the air?

Back 76

78%

Front 77

Oxygen makes up what percentage of the air?

Back 77

21%

Front 78

Every gas has a partial pressure of how much?

Back 78

760 mm Hg

Front 79

What is the partial pressure of 02 in the aveoli?

Back 79

105 mmHg

Front 80

What is the partial pressure of C02 in the alveoli?

Back 80

40 mmHg

Front 81

What is the partial pressure of 02 in the pulmonary artery?

Back 81

40 mm Hg

Front 82

What is the partial pressure of C02 in the pulmonary artery?

Back 82

46 mmHg

Front 83

What is the partial pressure of 02 in the pulmonary vein?

Back 83

100 mm Hg

Front 84

What is the partial pressure of C02 in the pulmonary vein?

Back 84

40 mm Hg

Front 85

Why do gasses diffuse?

Back 85

reach equilibrium

Front 86

Does emphysema increase or decrease surface area for diffusions?

Back 86

Decrease

Front 87

If ventilation is low and heart rate is high, what happens?

Back 87

pulmonary arterioles vasonconstrict

Front 88

How does an increase in altitude affect the atmospheric pressure?

Back 88

Decrease

Front 89

How much 02 is transported and dissolved in blood?

Back 89

1.5%

Front 90

All oxygen that is nt dissolved in blood is carried by what?

Back 90

hemoglobin

Front 91

How manu subunits does hemoglobin contain?

Back 91

4

Front 92

How many hemes do myoglobin have?

Back 92

1

Front 93

What is another word for HHgB?

Back 93

reduced hemoglobin

Front 94

What is Hgb + 02 called?

Back 94

oxyhemoglobin

Front 95

How much 02 is in 100mL of plasma?

Back 95

0.3 mL

Front 96

How much 02 is in 100mL of whole blood?

Back 96

20 mL

Front 97

T or F: The 02 bound to Hgb cotributes to the P02 of blood

Back 97

False

Front 98

How many 02 are needed to completely saturate hemoglobin?

Back 98

4

Front 99

What part of the dissociation curve does unloading of 02 occur?

Back 99

Steep portion

Front 100

HgB is almost completely staurated at what pressure?

Back 100

60 mmHg

Front 101

Based on the Bohr effect, if PC02 increases, pH decreases, or temperature increases, what will happen?

Back 101

Shift to the RIGHT to DECREASE Hgb saturation and INCREASE 02 unloading

Front 102

Based on the Bohr effect, if PC02 decreases, pH increases, or temperature decreases, what will happen?

Back 102

Shift to the LEFT to INCREASE Hgb saturation and DECREASE 02 unloading

Front 103

How much of C02 is dissolved in blood during the transport of CO2 in blood?

Back 103

7%

Front 104

How much C02 binds to Hgb to make cabaminohemoglobin?

Back 104

20%

Front 105

72% of C02 is converted into what during the transport of Co2 in blood?

Back 105

bicarbonate ions

Front 106

C02 + H20 <-->H2C03 <-->H+ + HC03-

What enzyme is used in this reaction?

Back 106

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 107

What do chemorecpetors measure?

Back 107

-Aterial PC02

-Arterial P02

-Arterial pH

Front 108

An increase of just how much pressure will increase respiratory rate?

Back 108

5 mmHg

Front 109

What is it is called when the arterial PC02 increases?

Back 109

hypercapnia

Front 110

What is it called when the arterial PC02 decreases?

Back 110

hypocapnia