Human Phys Test 4

Front 1

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Back 1

Mantain balance between solutes and water in body

Front 2

What are the urine forming organs?

Back 2

kidneys

Front 3

What does the renal vein do?

Back 3

carries blood from the kidney

Front 4

what does the renal pelvis do?

Back 4

collecting cavity for urine inside kidney

Front 5

what does the Ureter do?

Back 5

duct that channels urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Front 6

what does the urinary bladder do?

Back 6

smooth muscle sac that stores urine

Front 7

what does the urethra do?

Back 7

tube through which urine is excreted from bladder

Front 8

Once urine is made in the kidney..

Back 8

it is NOT altered in composition or volume

Front 9

What is the nephron?

Back 9

functional unit of the kidney

Front 10

What are teh two regions of the kidney?

Back 10

cortex (outside) and medulla (inside)

Front 11

What is the glomerulus?

Back 11

ball of capillaries, site of filtration of plasma that will be turned into urine

Front 12

what is role of afferent arterioles?

Back 12

supply blood to glomerulus

Front 13

what is role of efferent arterioles?

Back 13

carry still oxygenated blood from glomerulus

Front 14

What is the role of the peritubular capillaries?

Back 14

real capillaries, supply kidney with blood

Front 15

What is the bowmans capsule?

Back 15

tubular wall around glomerulus

Front 16

what is the proximal tubule?

Back 16

located in the cortex, contains the filtered fluid

Front 17

what is the loop of henle?

Back 17

descends into and ascends from the medulla

Front 18

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 18

next to the glomerulus, plays important role in regulating kidney function

Front 19

what is the distal tubule?

Back 19

tube that empties into the collecting duct

Front 20

what is the collecting duct?

Back 20

collects fluid from the nephrons

Front 21

What are the two types of nephrons?

Back 21

cortical and juxtamedullary

Front 22

Properties of Cortical nephrons

Back 22

80% of nephrons, glomeruli in outer cortex, loop of henle barely touches medulla

Front 23

properties of juxtamedullary nephrons

Back 23

20% of nephrons, glomeruli in inner cortex, loop of henle touches entire medulla, has vasa recta. plays role in vertical gradient

Front 24

Which nephron is responsible for producing urine of varying concentrations?

Back 24

Juxtamedullary

Front 25

What are the 3 basic renal processes?

Back 25

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorpion and tubular secretion

Front 26

What are the 3 layers of glomerular filtration?

Back 26

glomerular capillary wall, basement membrane, inner layer of bowmans capsule

Front 27

properties of glomerular capillary wall

Back 27

swiss cheese, extremely permeable to water

Front 28

properties of basement membrane

Back 28

non cellular, made of collagen and glycoproteins to prevent passage of plasma proteins

Front 29

properties of bowmans capsule

Back 29

posses the pedocytes, interdigitated for filtration

Front 30

What are the 3 forces involved in glomerular filtration?

Back 30

Glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, bowman capsul hydrostatic pressure

Front 31

What pressure is the major pressure?

Back 31

glomerular capillary blood pressure, efferent tube smaller than afferent tube

Front 32

What is the flow of blood in the kidney?

Back 32

A arteriole, glomerular capillary, E arteriole, peritubular capillary, cortical radiate vein

Front 33

Is most of plasma filtered in bowmans capsule?

Back 33

no, only 20 percent and most is returned to blood in the peritubular capillaries

Front 34

What is autoregulation of Glomerular filtration rate?

Back 34

intrinsic regulation, ensures constant blood flow into glomerulus, myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 35

how does myogenic autoregulation work?

Back 35

pressure increases, constriction
pressure decreases, dilation

Front 36

how does tubuloglomerular feedback work?

Back 36

increase salt equals constriction, higher GFR
decrease salt equals dilation, lowers GFR

Front 37

What is role of Macula densa cells?

Back 37

detect salt concentration

Front 38

What determines amount that is reabsorbed?

Back 38

amount needed to maintain composition and volume of internal fluid environment

Front 39

What is the extrensic control?

Back 39

overides autoregulatory response, detects changes by bararoreceptors

Front 40

What makes up the glomerular filtrate?

Back 40

plasma - plasma proteins

Front 41

What is passive tubular reabsorption?

Back 41

all 5 steps must be passive, moves down concentration gradient

Front 42

What is active tubular reabsorption?

Back 42

atleast one of the 5 steps requires energy

Front 43

Does Na reabsorption vary along length of tubule?

Back 43

yes, most happens in proximal tubule

Front 44

Na movement from tubular lumen into tubular cells is active or passive?

Back 44

always passive

Front 45

RAAS pathway

Back 45

kidney makes renin, converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1, to lungs, angiotensin 2, to adrenal cortex, aldosterone, kidney (increase blood pressure)

Front 46

What does angiotensin 2 do?

Back 46

vasoconstricts, stimulate thirst and ADH (vasopressin)

Front 47

What opposes RAAS?

Back 47

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 48

where does K secretion occur?

Back 48

distal tubule

Front 49

where is K reabsorbed?

Back 49

proximal tubule

Front 50

What is plasma clearence?

Back 50

volume of blood being cleared of a given substance per minute

Front 51

If a substance is filtered then not reabsorbed or secred then its plasma clearence is...

Back 51

equall to GFR

Front 52

If a substance is filtered then reabsorbed but not secred, then the plasma clearence is...

Back 52

less than GFR

Front 53

If a substance is filtered and then secreted then its plasma clearence is...

Back 53

greater than GFR

Front 54

Which sphincter is under voluntary control?

Back 54

external sphincter

Front 55

What is hypotonic urea concentration?

Back 55

less than 300, too much water

Front 56

What is hypertonic urea concentration?

Back 56

more than 300, too little water

Front 57

Characteristics of descending limb of loop of henle

Back 57

highly permeable to water, not very permeable to Na

Front 58

Characteristics of ascending limb of the loop of henle

Back 58

Actively transports NaCl, impermeable to water

Front 59

When do you want to use vasopressin?

Back 59

when your body is dehydrated so you can create aquqporins and pull water back in at the collecting duct

Front 60

What is acid base balance based on?

Back 60

buffers, the lungs and kidneys

Front 61

How does ventilation help?

Back 61

breathing out removes CO2, lowers acid conc.
hyperventilation= lower acid conc.
hypoventilation= higher acid conc.