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125 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

3 layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

Secretion of sweat

sweat glands/pores

Secretion of oil

oil glands

Protect/Cushion/Insulate the skin

subcutaneous tissue

Bring oxygenated blood and remove deoxygenated blood

artery

Allow for sensations to be delivered to the brain

nerve

Causes hair to stand up

erector muscle of hair

Gives the skin its color

melanocytes

5 layers of the epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Waterproofing

stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

High mitotic rate

stratum basale

Found in thicker skin

stratum lucidum

Protect from chemical and mechanical stress

stratum corneum

Fight off pathogens

stratum corneum

Stratum Corneum

flat, dead cells; protect against pathogens, waterproofing, chemical and mechanical stress; shed frequently

Stratum Lucidum

clear, thin layer of dead skin cells; only founding thick skin regions (soles of feet)

Stratum Granulosum

thin layer of cells that become more keratinized to enhance the waterproofing of the skin

Stratum Spinosum

several layers of cuboidal/irregular shaped kertonocytes; contains some Langerhans cells

Stratum Basale

columnar epithelial cells divide to give rise to the keratinocytes in the spinosum

2 body membranes

epithelia and connective

3 types of Epithelia

cutaneous, mucous, and serous

Cutaneous is made of...

keratinizing stratified squamous tissue and dense connective tissue.

Example of Cutaneous

skin

Mucous is made of...

epithelium and loose connective tissue.

Example of Mucous

hollow organs (Respiratory system, digestive system)

Mucous is found in the...

lining of cavities.

Serous is made of...

simple squamous and areolar connective.

Serous is found in the...

lining of closed cavities and not in dorsal or joint cavities.

5 types of serous

parietal, visceral, peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium

Parietal Layer

covers the wall of ventral cavity

Visceral Layer

covers the dorsal cavity

What 2 layers secrete serous fluid?

parietal and visceral

Peritoneum

covers the abdominal cavity

Pleura

covers the lungs

Pericardium

covers the heart

Integumentary system is made up of...

hair, nails, and skin.

Hair is made of...

keratin.

Hair grows from...

the follicle.

Hair is not found...

on the lips, palms, and sole of the feet.

Hair provides...

warmth, protection, and immune defense

Hair is a characteristic of...

mammals.

Nails are made of...

keratin.

Nails grow from...

roots.

Nails are found...

on fingers and toes (phalanges).

Nails provide...

protection and are tools for precise activities.

Skin

large organ of the body that is made up of 3 layers of tissue

Epidermis

outer layer composed of epithelial cells

Outermost cells are...

dead and rub off.

New cells are constantly made at the...

base of the epidermis.

Melanocytes

cells produce melanin

Melanin

pigment that protects your skin and gives it color

Dermis

middle layer composed of connective tissue

The dermis contains...

blood vessels, nerve fibers, muscles, oil, sweat glands, and other structures.

Hypodermis

fatty layer below the dermis that insulates the body

Skin forms a...

protective covering over the body that prevents infection and water loss.

Skin helps us to...

sense our environment through touch.

The skin forms...

vitamin D when exposed to the sun.

Skin helps with regulation of...

body temperature.

Blood vessels in the skin help to...

release and hold heat.

Sweating helps to...

keep cool.

Shivering helps to...

keep warm.

3 determining factors of skin color

melanin, carotene, and heomglobin

Melanin

yellow, brown, or black pigments

Carotene

orange-yellow pigments from some vegetables

Hemoglobin

red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries and oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Alterations of skin color

redness, pallor, jaundice, and bruises

Redness (erythema)

embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever or allergy

Pallor (blanching)

due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, and impaired blood flow to an area

Juandice (yellowing)

liver disorder; too much bile circulation - deposited in tissues

Bruises

hematomas

Hematoma

blood escapes circulation and clots

Burn

tissue damage and/or cell death

What causes burns?

intense heat, electricity, certain chemicals, and UV radiation

2 life threatening problems associated with burns are...

fluid loss from burned surfaces and infection.

Dehydration from burns...

leads to circulator shock or kidney damage.

When a burn causes infection...

pathogens invade nutrient rich dead skin and the immune system is typically depressed.

3 types of burns

1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree

First Degree Burn

damages only the epidermis and aren't very serious

First degree burn exmample

sunburn

Second degree burn

damages epidermis and top of dermis; causes pain and blisters; regrowth possible

Third degree burn

destroys all layers of skin; regrowth not possible

Third degrees burns appear...

white, grey, or black.

Are 3rd degree burns painful?

no b/c nerve endings are destroyed

When is a burn dangerous?

over 25% of the body has 2nd or over 10% of the body has 3rd

Where is the most dangerous place to have 3rd degree burns?

face, hands, and feet

Whole arm/both arms

9%/18%

Whole head and neck

9%

Whole trunk

36%

Perineum (pubic area)

1%

Whole leg/both legs

18%/36%

Epidermal dendritic cells and macrophages

biological barrier

Intact epidermis

mechanical barrier

Bactericidal secretions

chemical barrier

Keratin

chemical and mechanical barrier

Melanin

chemical barrier

Acid mantle

chemical barrier

How does a sunburn impair the body's ability to defend itself?

inhibit the immune response by depressing microphage activity

How do sweat gland help maintain body temperature?

sweating cools the body down by carrying body heat away from the surface when it is evaporated

Why do epidermal cells die?

cells divide and push the other ones up and out of the cell; lose nutrient supply

Translucent cells, containing keratin

stratum lucidium

Strata containing all or mostly dead cells

stratum corneum and lucidium

Dermis layer responsible for fingerprints

papillary layer

Vascular region; Site of elastic and collagen fibers; tanned becomes leather

dermis as a whole

Epidermal region involved in rapid cell division; most inferior epidermal layer; site of melanin formation

stratum basare

Scale-like cells full of keratin that constantly flake off; epidermal layer containing the oldest cells

stratum coreum

Major skin area from which the derivatives arise (hair and nails)

epidermis as a whole

Most responsible fro the skin color of dark-skinned people

melanin

Provides an orange cast to the skin

carotene

provides a natural sunscreen

melanin

Most responsible for the skin color of Caucasians

hemoglobin

Phagocytized by keratinocytes

melanin

Found predominantly in the stratum coreum

carotene

Found within red blood cells in the blood vessels

hemoglobin

Radiation from the skin surface and evaporation of sweat are 2 ways in which the skin gets rid of body...

heat.

Fat in the _____ tissue layer beneath the dermis helps to insulate the body.

subcutaneous

A vitamin that is manufactured in the skin is...

vitamin D.

Wrinkling is caused by loss of the ___ of the skin.

elasticity

A decubitus ulcer results when skin cells are deprived of...

oxygen.

___ is a bluish cast of the skin resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

cyanosis

Sweat glands

secret saltwater solution

Keratin

most abundant protein in dead epidermal structures such as hair and nails

Sebum

oily mixture of lipids, cholesterol, and cell fragments

Shaft

visible part of hair

Dermis

provides mechanical strength to the skin

What is a major problem burn patients face that could be fatal?

dehydration: lose fluid through the wound