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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conducting Zone
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-Air passageway, 150ml of dead space
-Increase air temperature to body temperature, humidify air |
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Alveoli
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Type 1 cells -make up wall
Ty[e 2 cells - secrete surfactant Alveolar macrophages |
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Transpulmonary Pressure
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Palv - Pip = 4 mmHg
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Boyles Law
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Pressure is inversely related to volume.
-Increase in volume , decrease in pressure Inspiration - Palv decreases, drives air into lungs Expiration - Palv increases, drives air out |
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Inspiration
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-External intercostals contracts, diaphragm cotnracts, allowing chest wall to expands
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Expiration
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-External intercostal relax, internal intercostal contract
-diaphragm relaxes -Chest wall and lungs contracts |
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Lung compliance
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-Ease of which they can be stretched
-More elastic and greater tension = less compliant |
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Surface Tension
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-Thin layer of fluid lines alveoli, due to interactions between water,
-Surface tension, force for alveoli to collapse Overcome by surfactant-Increase lung compliance, making inspiration easier |
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Sympathetic Control of Bronichol
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-Relaxation of smooth muscle, bronchodilation
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Parasympathetic Control of Bronchiole
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-Contraction of smooth muscle, results in bronchoconstriction
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Hormonal control of Bronchiole
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Epinephrine, relaxation of smooth muscle, bronchodilation
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Intrinsic Control of Bronchiole
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Histamine and CO2 = bronchodilation
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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
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-Maximum volume inhaled followed by exhale as fast as possible
-Low FVC indicates restrictive pulmonary disease Normal = 80% |
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Minute Ventilation
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Total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute
= Vt x RR Normal Vt = 500 ml |
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Alveolar Ventilation
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Volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute
Normal = 4200 |
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Gas Composition of Air
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79% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen Pn2 = 600 mm Po2 = 160 mm |
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Diffusion of Gases
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-Diffuse down pressure gradients,
At pulmonary artery: Po2 = 40 PCo2 = 46 In Lung Po2 = 160 Co2 = 0 |
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Hyperpnea
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Increased ventilation due to increased demand, minimal change in PO2 and PCO2
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Hypventilation
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Ventilation does not meet demandes
-PO2 - decreases -PCO2 - increases |
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Hyperventilation
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Ventilation exceed demands
-PO2 - increases -PCO2 - decreases |
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Oxygen Transport
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-Transported by Hemoglobin
-Not very soluble in plasma, onlt 3/200 ml in plasma - Hb =deoxyhemoglobin -Hb x O2 = oxyhemoglobin -Can bind up to 4 Normal 12 -17gm/dl heme levels -100% saturated in arteriol blood and 75% in venous blood |
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Oxygen Affinity
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-Higher affinity, shift left, with more loading of oxygen
-Lower infinity, shifts right, less loading of oxygen and easier to unload |
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Temperature Effects
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Low temp = increased affinity
High temp = lower affinity |
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pH effects
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Increased pH, increased affinity
Decreased pH, decreased affinity |
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Effect of CO2
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-Reacts with hemoglobin to form carbinohemoglobin, results in lower affinity for oxygen
-Increases oxygen unloading |
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2-3-DPG = diphoshoglycerate
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-Produced in RBC under conditions of low oxygen such as anemia
-Deceases affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen, increasing unloading |
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CO2 transport
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Converted to bicarbonate by erythrocytes (RBC) then transported to plasma (86-90%)
-Carbonic Anydrase converts CO2 w/ water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions |
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Neural Control of Breathing
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-Motor neurons
-Generation of breathing rhythm by brainstem -phrenic nerve control diaphragm |
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Chemorecptors
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Located pripherally in carotid bodies and in medulla oblongata that respond to blood pH
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Acidosis and Alkalosis
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Blood pH below 7.35 results in CNS depression
Blood pH over 7.45 results in CNS over excitation |
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Buffer
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Hemoglobin and bicarbonate ions act as buffer and regulate normal pH around 7.5
-Repiratory regulates CO2 -Kidney regulates bicarbonate |
