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508 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the functions of calcium?
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- most abundant mineral in body (bones and teeth)
- regulates transport of ions; nerve functioning - regulates blood pressure - muscle contractions - part of blood clotting process |
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what can calcium deficiency cause?
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- osteoporosis (decreased bone density)
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what are some food sources of calcium?
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- milk, yogurt, cheese best known sources
- other sources include fish with bones, tofu, legumes, broccoli, kale *** dark leafy greens are NOT a good source of calcium |
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what are the functions of phosphorus?
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- combines with calcium for mineralization of bone and teeth
- part of genetic material (DNA) - energy metabolism, phosphorus is part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP - the energy currency of cells) - helps maintain acid-base balance |
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what does phosphorus deficiency cause?
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- muscular weakness
- bone pain |
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what are good food sources for phosphorus?
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- cottage cheese
- milk - salmon - sirloin steak - navy beans |
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what are the functions of magnesium?
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- mineralization of bones
- activates many enzymes - can be drawn out for all cells to use in building protein and using energy |
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what can magnesium deficiency cause?
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- weakness, confusion
- if extreme: convulsions, uncontrollable muscle contractions, hallucinations, and difficulty swallowing - in children: growth failure |
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what are good food sources for magnesium?
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- spinach
- black beans, black-eyed peas - soy milk - bran cereal - oysters - yogurt |
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what are the functions of sodium?
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- main positive ion OUTSIDE the cells
- maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance by regulating the fluid outside of the cells - maintains acid-base balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contractions |
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what are some sources of sodium?
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- salt, seasoned salt
- foods prepared in salt solution (brine), pickles, olives, sauerkraut, smoked and cured meats, oriental foods and sauces - fast foods, canned soups/veggies, frozen entrees, and processed foods |
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what are the functions of potassium?
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- main positive ion INSIDE the cells
- fluid and electrolyte balance - important in muscle contractions and heart beat |
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what can potassium deficiency cause?
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- muscle weakness
- paralysis - confusion |
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what are some food sources of potassium?
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- orange juice
- banana - lima beans - salmon - baked potato - honeydew melon - avocado *** fresh, whole foods |
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what are the functions of chloride?
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- body's major negative ion
- part of hydrochloric acid (stomach acidity) - fluid and electrolyte balance |
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what are the functions of sulfate?
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- its the oxidized form of sulfur as it exists in food and water
- used to synthesize sulfur-containing body compounds |
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how are trace minerals defined?
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- by having less than 5 grams stored within the body
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what are the main trace minerals in the body?
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- iodine
- iron - zinc - selenium - fluoride - chromium - copper |
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what are the functions of iodine?
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- component of the hormone thyroxine
- important in energy metabolism |
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what does iodine deficiency cause?
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- goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
- cretinism (mental/physical retardation of infant caused by deficiency during pregnancy) |
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worldwide, what is iodine deficiency a common cause of?
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- one of the most common (and preventable) causes of mental retardation
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what are the functions of iron?
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- part of the hemoglobin and myoglobin that binds to oxygen and carries it to tissues
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what can iron deficiency cause?
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- anemia
- pale skin, cold intolerance, and tired - poor concentration, behavior concerns in children |
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what is thyroxine?
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- the hormone made by the thyroid gland that is responsible for regulating the basal metabolic rate
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what increases iron absorption?
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- vitamin c
- MFP factor |
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what decreases iron absorption?
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- tea
- coffee - calcium and phosphorus - phytates, tannins, and fiber |
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what two forms does iron occur in food?
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- heme (part of hemoglobin and myoglobin in meat, poultry, and fish)
- nonheme (found in foods from plants and in the nonheme iron meats) |
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which of the two forms of iron is absorbed better?
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- heme is more easily absorbed
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what is MFP factor?
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- a factor present in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances the absorption of nonheme iron present in the same foods or in other foods eaten at the same time
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what are tannins?
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- compounds in tea (esp black tea) and coffee that bind iron
- they also bind and denature proteins |
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what are phytates?
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- present in plant foods (particularly whole grains) that bind iron and may prevent its absorption
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what are good food sources of iron?
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- clams
- beef steak, beef liver - navy beans, black beans - enriched cereal - spinach - swiss chard |
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what are the functions of zinc?
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- activates many enzymes
- important for taste and immune function - wound healing - make parts of the cells genetic material - make heme in hemeglobin - assists pancreas with digestive function - helps metabolize carbs, protein and fat - liberates vitamin A from storage in the liver |
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what can zinc deficiency cause?
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- growth retardation
- impaired immunity - poor appetite |
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what are food sources of zinc?
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- oysters
- beef steak, pork chops, shrimp - yogurt - enriched cereal |
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what are the functions of selenium?
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- works with enzyme to protect body compounds from oxidation
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what can selenium deficiency cause?
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- disease of the heart
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what are food sources of selenium?
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- food grown in selenium-rich soil
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what are the functions of copper?
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- helps form hemoglobin and collagen and part of many enzymes
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what are functions of fluoride?
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- formation and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth
- resistance to tooth decay |
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what does fluoride deficiency cause?
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- tooth decay and dental caries
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what are sources of fluoride?
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- fluoridated water, tea
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what is fluorosis?
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- a toxicity of fluoride that cuases teeth discoloration and mottling
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what are the functions of chromium?
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- insulin to control blood glucose
- necessary for energy release |
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what hormone does chromium work closely with?
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- insulin (to help control blood glucose concentration)
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low selenium levels correlate with what illnesses?
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- cardiovascular disease and some cancers (particularly prostate cancer)
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what is the best food source of phosphorus?
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- animal protein
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what is the function of water?
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- 60% of our weight is water
- acts as solvent to transport nutrients and wastes - is a lubricant and shock absorber - maintains body temperature |
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what does water deficiency cause?
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- dehydration
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what does excess amounts of water cause?
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- water intoxication
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what are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
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- genetic causes and family history
- low calcium and vitamin D intake - female gender, menopause, amenorrhea - lack of physical activity - underweight - smoking and alcohol intake - high protein intake - soft drinks (new research shows that cola type soft drink consumption is associated with lower bone density) |
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how much per serving of calcium do you get from the food sources?
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- about 300 mg per serving
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does the water of beverages and water in solid foods meet almost all our body's needs daily?
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- yes
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what is a symptom of dehydration?
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- thirst
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what is the most abundant mineral in the body?
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- calcium
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what is the best source of calcium?
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- milk
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where is most of your body's phosphorus found?
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- in bone
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what food is not a good source of iron?
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- milk
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what illness can cause a person to develop thiamin deficiency?
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- alcoholism
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which mineral is the major positively charged ion found outside the cells?
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- sodium
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what mineral is the major positively charged ion inside body cells?
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- potassium
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what food contributes the highest amount of sodium in the US diet?
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- processed foods (fast foods, smoked meats, etc)
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the DASH diet is designed to lower the risk of or help treat what?
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- hypertension
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what is one of the richest source of potassium?
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- fresh fruits and veggies
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what condition results from iodine deficiency?
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- goiter
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which individual is at the lowest risk of an iron deficiency?
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- a middle-aged male
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what must be available for thyroxine to be produced?
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- iodine
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which vitamin enhances the absorption of iron?
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- vitamin C
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what promotes the absorption of iron?
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- MFP factor
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what is a usual source of fluoride?
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- fluoridated water
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what factors decrease iron absorption?
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- tannins in tea and coffee
- calcium and phophorus - phytates in legume and whole grains |
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What factors are associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis?
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- low calcium and vitamin D intake
- amenorrhea - underweight adult - strong genetic link |
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what are the roles of zinc?
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- enhances immune function
- important component of taste - important for growth in children and adolescents - wound healing |
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what is a diuretic?
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- substance that promotes water loss
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what does anemia mean?
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- inadequate or impaired red blood cells
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what does pica mean?
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- craving nonfood substances
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what is fluorosis?
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- symptom of overconsumption of fluoride
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what is heme iron?
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- found in meat, fish, and poultry
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what is nonheme iron?
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- found in plants, and meats and has lower absorption
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what is hemochromatosis?
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- iron overload
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what is tannins?
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- found in teas
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what are the two main kinds of disease?
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- degenerative (aka chronic)
- infectious |
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what is a degenerative disease?
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- chronic, irreversible disease thats characterized by degeneration of body organs due in part to such personal lifesytle elements as poor food choices, smoking, alcohol use, and lack of physical activity
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deficiency in what nutrients can lower immunity?
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- protein, energy
- vitamins A, D, E, C, B complex - iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, selenium |
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excesses of what nutrients can lower immunity?
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- iron
- zinc |
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what is the most important factor to change to lower cholesterol?
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- the dietary modifications of reducing saturated fat and increasing polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats help by LOWERING THE LDL.
- Also weight loss will help lower LDL. - Specific prescription medications also work to lower LDL. - In other words lowering LDL is the most important factor to change. |
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what is at the root of most cases of CVD?
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- atheroschlerosis, the hardening of the arteries
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who suffers from CVD?
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- in the US about 80 million people (from heart attack or stroke)
- about 1 million die each yr - CVD kills more US women than any other cause |
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at what age should people get their cholesterol checked?
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- starting at age 20 and then every 5 years after that
- by age 30, most people already have well-developed plaque in arteries |
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what causes plaque to form in arteries?
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- a diet high in saturated fat is major contributor
- inflammation of the artery is also involved |
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what causes inflamation of the arteries?
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- high LDL
- hypertension - toxins from cigarettes - high blood levels of homocysteine - certain viral or bacterial infections |
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what does inflammation cause the immune system to do?
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- send white blood cells (macrophages) to remove the oxidized LDL
- as macrophages engulf LDL, become nown as foam cells, which themselves become oxidized, attracting more immune scavengers to the scene |
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how does blood pressure affect plaque?
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- arteries hardened and narrowed by plaques can't expand as blood flows through, which raises blood pressure
- this further damages artery walls - if pressure causes the wall to weaken and balloon out, its called an aneurysm - can be fatal if occurs in aorta |
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how do blood clots affect plaque?
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- abnormal blood clotting can threaten life
- platelets are involved in blood clotting under normal circumstances - in atherosclerosis, platelets clot the blood in an injured, hardened artery |
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what is thrombus?
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- a stationary clot
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what is thrombosis?
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- if thrombus closes off a blood vessel
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what is embolus?
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- if the clot breaks loose
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what is embolism?
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- if the embolus becomes stuck
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how does embolism cause a heart attack?
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- can lodge in a heart artery
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how does embolism cause a stroke?
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- when its in the brain
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what are eicosanoids?
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- an active product of an omega-3 fatty acid in fish oils; opposing the clot-forming actions of platelets
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what are the risk factors for CVD?
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- age
- gender - genetic inheritance ***can't be modified by lifestyle choices |
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how do both hypertension and atherosclerosis affect risk factors for CVD?
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- plaques of atherosclerosis trigger abnormal blood clotting and induce hypertension, leading to heart attacks or strokes
- atherosclerosis and hypertension worsen each other |
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how does diabetes affect risk factors for CVD?
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- in diabetes, atherosclerosis progresses rapidly, blocking blood vessels and diminishing circulation
- CVD risk factor is 2-4 times higher |
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how does physical inactivity affect risk factors for CVD?
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- physical activityexpands the heart's capacity to pump blood to the tissues with each beat, thereby reducing the pulse
- activity also stimulates development of new arteries to nourish the heart muscle - activity favors leaner body |
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what is the DRI recommendation for activity to lower CVD risk?
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- 30 mins of light, balanced exercise
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how does smoking affect risk factors for CVD?
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- cigarettes powerfully increase CVD risk
- damages the heart directly with toxins - raises blood pressure - makes clots more likely by damaging platelets - deprives the heart of oxygen - damages the lining of blood vessels |
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what is an atherogenic diet?
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- a diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol - increases LDL
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what are the DRI diet recommendations to reduce CVD risk?
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- no more than 10% of calories from saturated and trans fat
- no more than 35% calories from total fat - less than 300 mg a day of cholesterol |
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diets rich in what nutrients lower CVD risk?
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- diets rich in whole grains, vegetables, and fruits
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how does fiber help lower CVD risk?
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- soluble fiber helps improve blood lipids
- foods rich in fiber also provide minerals to help control blood pressure, antioxidants to help protect against LDL oxidation, phytochemicals, and vitamins and minerals |
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do nutrient supplements and/or phytochemicals help lower CVD risk?
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- theses have failed to provide benefits
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how does alcohol affect CVD risk?
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- in middle aged and older people, 1-2 drinks a day will reduce risk of CVD
- in young people, alcohol risks outweigh benefits |
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what is systolic pressure?
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- ventricular contraction
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what is diastolic pressure?
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- relaxation phase
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what is the ideal blood pressure?
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120/80
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what kind of a diet should someone with AIDS follow?
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- a diet of foods that supplies adequate nutrients ensures the proper functioning of the immune system
- extra daily doses of nutrients, herbs, etc do not enhance it - food safety has to be taken into consideration because bacteria and viruses from food could be extra harmful |
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what should LDL levels be in a person?
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- healthy: less than 100
- borderline: 130-159 - unhealthy: 160-189 |
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what should HDL levels be in a person?
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- healthy: greater than or equal to 60
- borderline: 59-40 - unhealthy: less than 40 |
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what should total cholesterol levels be in a person?
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- healthy: less than 200
- borderline: 200-239 - unhealthy: greater than or equal to 240 |
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what should blood pressure levels be in a person?
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- healthy: less than 120/less than 80
- borderline: 120/80 - 139/89 - unhealthy: greater than 140/greater than 90 |
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how does calorie intake affect cancer?
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- diets high in calories seem to promote cancer, especially in lab settings
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what are cruciferous vegetables?
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- eggies with cross-shaped blossoms - the cabbage family
- their intake is associated with lower cancer rates in human populations |
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what are examples of cruciferous vegetables?
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- broccoli
- brussels sprouts - cabbage - cauliflower - rutabagas - turnips |
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which nutrient plays a special role with colon and cervical cancer?
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- folate
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what specific mineral may be important in colon cancer prevention?
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- calcium
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what is the potential impact on health when in the winter skin can dry out and crack?
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- susceptibility to infection increases
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which nutrient does not directly relate to immunity?
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- chloride
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what is the proximate trigger for the development of plaque?
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- the inflammatory response
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how does HDL reduce CVD risk?
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- HDL delivers cholesterol to the liver, removing it from the bloodstream
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what aspect of diabetes increases CVD risk?
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- insulin resistance
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which is a risk factor that would have the greatest impace on increasing CVD risk for a male relative to a female?
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- obesity
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how does smoking act to increase the risk of CVD?
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- both introduces toxins and deprives the body of oxygen, making the heart work harder
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what is a characteristic of a person with metabolic syndrome?
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- elevated blood pressure
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trans and saturated fat intake shouldn't account for no more than how much of caloric intake?
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- 10%
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comsumption of what food will help counteract some of the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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- fatty fish
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consumption of what on a regular basis will lower LDL levels?
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- monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
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what is a problem associated with the consumption of sterol and stanol esters?
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- they inhibit the absorption of phytochemicals
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which is a common symptom of hypertension?
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- hypertension typically presents no symptoms that you feel
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which individual is at greatest risk of developing hypertension?
|
- an African-American
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the DASH diet is designed to lower the risk of what?
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- hypertension
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what exercise will increase blood HDL and lower blood LDL?
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- walking
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in what way do salt and calcium have an antagonistic effect on the body?
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- salt can raise blood pressure; calcium can reduce the risk of hypertension
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consumption of what will play a role in preventing hypertension?
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- potassium
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what will increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer?
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- a sedentary lifestyle
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consumption of what will reduce the risk of developing cancer?
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- phytochemicals
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what kind of diet reduces the risk of developing cancer?
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- a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables
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what is bioterrorism?
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- intentional spread of disease-causing agents
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what is an aneurysm?
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- weakened point of an arterial wall
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what are platelets?
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- cell fragments that play a role in blood clotting
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what is metabolic syndrome?
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- syndrome x
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what is a carcinogen?
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- cancer causing substance
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what is metastasis?
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- spread of cancer
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what kind of disease is arthritis?
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- a degenerative disease
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what kind of disease is lyme disease?
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- an infectious disease
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what is plaque?
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- deposit in arterial walls
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what do you call the death of heart tissue?
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- a heart attack
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how many people per day fall ill from foodborne illness in the US?
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- 200,000
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what type of individual would be least susceptible to a foodborne illness?
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- 45-yr old female
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what can the symptoms of a foodborne illness be mistaken for?
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- flu
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what is the most common food toxin produced by?
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- staphylococcus aureus
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how does the toxin produced by C. botulinum kill?
|
- muscle paralysis
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what is the recommended way of destroying the botulinum toxin?
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- boiling for 10 mins
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what is responsible for hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
|
- coli
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how long can the symptoms be for an e.coli infection from exposure to onset?
|
- 8 days
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the implementation of the HACCP system has reduced Salmonella contamination of poultry by how much?
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- nearly 50%
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what are the 3 requirements for the growth of most foodborne disease-causing bacteria?
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- warmth, moisture, nutrients
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you just got done cooking a meatloaf and guest haven't arrived yet but due in 1 hour - assuming you want to serve them warm food and don't want to endanger your guest's health, whta is the minimum temperature at which the meatloaf should be maintained?
|
- 140 degrees F
|
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what should always be done before and during food handling?
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- wash hands and surface with hot, soapy water
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how can you minimize your exposure to foodborne contaminants on fruits and vegetables?
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- wash them
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a hamburger is not safely cooked until it has reached an internal temperature of what?
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- 160 degrees F
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you are watching the first Rocky movie and see the scene where Rocky consumes raw eggs. Why shouldn't Rocky be doing that?
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- because in addition to the avidin inhibiting biotin absorption, there may also be Salmonella in the eggs that could make Rocky sick
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consumption of what animal tissues should be avoided if you are particulary concerned about contracting the human version of BSE?
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- nervous and digestive
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which will reduce your risk of seafood-borne illness?
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- cook the seafood
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irradiation of food has its greatest affect on reducing what contect of a food?
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- disease-causing microbe
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what is a weakness of food irradiation?
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- irradiating food reduces the vitamin content of the food
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what is a term that applies to the pesticide that remains on the surfaces of a food that is put up for sale?
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- residue
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what is a statment regarding the pesticide which has been declared illegal for use in the US?
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- the pesticide can enter the US in imported food and the movement of the pesticide through the food chain can ultimately affect consumers in the US
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what is particularly affected by mercury contamination?
|
- nervous system
|
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according to the FDA, what is the health impact on humans of consuming milk or meat of cattle that has been treated with bovine somatotropin (bST)?
|
- none
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what is a preservation method used to prolong the shelf life of boxed milk that is stored at room temperature?
|
- ultrahigh temperature treatment
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what is NOT a preservation method?
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- extrusion
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how does modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) preserve food?
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- excludes oxygen from the package
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how do antimicrobial substances such as sugar an dsalt inhibit the growth of microorganisms?
|
- they reduce the water content of foods
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what antimicrobial food additives may increase cancer risk?
|
- nitrites
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what can cause cancer that is caused by nitrosamine-related substances?
|
= smoking cigarettes
|
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what will be best at slowing the rate of vitamin loss from a piece of fruit?
|
- store the fruit in a closed container in a refrigerator
|
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what is the significance of some GE rice products?
|
- some rice products have been genetically engineered to make betacarotene
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what are enterotoxins?
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- poisons that act upon the nervous system
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what are neurotoxins?
|
- poisons that act upon the nervous system
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what is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
|
- mad cow disease
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what is bovine somatotropin?
|
- a growth hormone
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what is pasteurization?
|
- a process that inactivates some, but not all, microorganisms in food
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what is an incidental additive?
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- any substances ot normally found in foods but added to food accidentally
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what is a prion?
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- an unusally folded protein
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what is a herbicide?
|
- a weed killer
|
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what is a fungicide?
|
- a fungus killer
|
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what agencies monitor the U.S. food supply?
|
- CDC (Center for Disease Control & Prevention)
- EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) - FDA (Food and Drug Administration) - USDA (US Dept of Agriculture) - WHO (World Health Organization) |
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what does the CDC monitor?
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- food borne diseases
|
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what does teh EPA monitor?
|
- regulates pesticides and establishes water quality standards
|
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what does the USDA monitor?
|
- enforces standards for teh wholesomeness and quality of meat, poultry, and eggs produced in the US
- conduct nutrition studies - educate public about nutrition |
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what does the WHO monitor?
|
- develops standards to regulate pesticide use
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what does the FDA monitor?
|
- responsible for ensuring the safety and wholesomeness of all foods sold in interstate commerce except meat, poultry, and eggs (which USDA monitors)
- inspects food plants and imported foods - sets standards for food consumption - regulates food additives |
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what are the FDA's top priorites?
|
- microbial foodborne illness
- natural toxins in foods (hazard mostly when large quantities of single foods consumed either by choice or necessity) - residues in food - nutrients in foods require close attention as more and more artificially constituted foods appear on the market - intentional approved food additives are of little conern because so much is known about them that they pose no hazards - genetic modification of foods is listed last because such foods undergo rigorous scrutiny before going to market |
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what "residues" can be found in food?
|
- environmental and other contaminants
- animal drugs - nutrients in foods |
|
|
what foods can most likely make people sick?
|
- meats and poultry
- eggs - seafood - raw produce |
|
|
what are the rules on thawing frozen meat?
|
- never allow frozen meat to defrost at room temp or in a bath of warm water
(because in both cases, meat thaws from outside in, and outside meat layer can easily warm up to temperatures that permit bacteria to grow before core defrosts - thaw meat in refrigerator or microwave |
|
|
what is irradiation?
|
- the application of ionizing radiation to foods to reduce insect infestation or microbial contamination or to slow the ripening or sprouting process
- aka pasteurization |
|
|
is irradiation safe?
|
- its meant to complement, not replace, other traditional food safety methods
- even irradiation can't entirely protect people from poor sanitation on the farm, in the marketplace, or at home |
|
|
what is safe refrigerator temperature?
|
- 40 degrees F
- bacteria survive, but multiply slowly |
|
|
what temperature should hot food be at?
|
- 140 degrees F
|
|
|
what is freezer temperature?
|
- 0 degrees F
|
|
|
what is the boiling point of water?
|
- 212 degrees F
- all microbes killed within varying lengths of time at this temp |
|
|
eating raw seafood can increase your risk of suffering from what?
|
- viruses
- worms - flukes - bacteria |
|
|
what does Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP) mean?
|
- a systematic plan to identify and correct potential microbial hazards in the manufacturing, distribution, and commercial use of food products
|
|
|
what are the FDA and EPA's advise regarding mercury in seafood?
|
- warn of unacceptably high methylmercury levels in ocean fish and other seafood
- advise all pregnant women, women who may become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children against eating fish species known to be high in methylmercury - suggest checking local advisories concerning fish species caught by family and frients |
|
|
what are some common antimicrobial agents that are added to food?
|
- acetic acid (vinegar)
- benzoic acid - nitrates and nitrites - proprionic acid - salt, sugar - sorbic acid |
|
|
what are some reasons for genetically engineering food?
|
- ethical and moral issues
- advanced technology - environmental protection - genetic improvements - improved crop resistance - gene pool preserved - everyone profits - safe for people - control of allergens - increased nutrients - excellent product tracking - conservative use of herbicides - reduced pesticides on foods - sufficient regulation, oversight, and rapid response |
|
|
what are organic foods?
|
- prohibits synthetic pestides, herbicides, fertilizers, drugs, and preservatives and produced without genetic engineering or irradiation
|
|
|
what is a low birth weight baby?
|
- defined as a birthweight of less than 5.5 lbs (2500 grams)
|
|
|
why is birth weight so important?
|
- low birthweight babies are associated with lower IQ, short stature, and chronic diseases
- babies born to obese mothers are more likely to have heart defects, neural tube defects, and other problems |
|
|
what are the two different types of low birthweight babies?
|
- premature infants (born early and are right size for their gestational age)
- others have suffered growth failure in the uterus; they are small for gestational age (small for date) and may or may not be premature |
|
|
how many additional calories does a woman in the second trimester need?
|
- extra 340 each day
|
|
|
how many additional calories does a woman in the third trimester need?
|
- extra 450 each day
|
|
|
what can a low intake of folate cause in a pregnant woman?
|
- neural tubal defect (NTD)
|
|
|
how can a woman change her diet to help prevent neural tubal defect?
|
- obtain 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements, fortified foods, or both in addition to eating folate-rich foods
|
|
|
how much weight should a woman gain by the end of her pregnancy?
|
- underweight (BMI less than 19.8): 28 to 40 lbs
- healthy weight (BMI 19.8-26): 25 to 35 lbs - overweight (BMI 26-29): 15 to 25 lbs - obese (BMI over 29): 15 lbs minimum |
|
|
how many lbs should a pregnant teen gain?
|
- must be adequate enough to accommodate her own growth and that of her fetus
|
|
|
for a normal weight woman, what is should the pattern of weight gain be?
|
- 3.5 lbs total during first trimester and then 1 lb a week after that
|
|
|
what are some concerns with pregnant teens?
|
- of all the population groups, teen girls have the highest nutrient needs and increased likelihood of having problem pregnancies
many are deficient in vitamins A, D, folate, iron, calcium, and zinc - have more miscarriages, premature births, stillborns, and low brithweight infants |
|
|
why do women get nauseated during pregnancy?
|
- arises from hormonal changes
|
|
|
why would a pregnant woman feel heartburn and constipation?
|
- because homrones of pregnancy alter muscle tone and the thriving fetus crowds intestinal organs
|
|
|
for infants, what are the benefits of breastfeeding?
|
- provides appropriate composition and balance of nutrients with high bioavailability
- provides hormones that promote physiological development - improves cognitive development - protects aginst a variety of infections - may protect against some chronic diseases, such as diabetes (type 1) and hypertension, later in life - protects against food allergens |
|
|
for mothers, what are the benefits of breastfeeding?
|
- contracts the uterus
- delays return of regular ovulation, thus lengthening bith intervals - conserves iron stores (by prolonging amenorhea - may protect against breast and ovarian cancer |
|
|
what is colostrum?
|
- a milklike secretion from the breasts during the first day or so after delivery before milk appears
|
|
|
why is colostrum important?
|
- contains antibodies and white celsl from the mother's blood
- helps protect the newborn from infections against which the mother has developed immunity |
|
|
when can a baby start having iron-fortified foods?
|
- between 4-6 months of age
|
|
|
how many additional calories per day should a woman consume if breastfeeding?
|
- loses 500 cal's a day to breastfeeding
- needs to consume 330 a day from food - other 170 will come from fat stores that were accumulated during pregnancy |
|
|
what are the two types of neural tubal defects?
|
- anecephaly: when the brain fails to develop
- spina bifida: when the membranes covering the spinal cord protrude from the sac |
|
|
which minerals are greatest in demand during pregnancy?
|
- calcium
- phosphorus - magnesium - zinc |
|
|
how does zinc assist in pregnancy?
|
- required for protein synthesis and cell development
|
|
|
what is one of the unique benefits of breast milk?
|
- nutrient content of the milk changes as the baby gets older from newborn to one year so that the breast milk actually meets the needs of the infant.
|
|
|
"If the water supply is severely deficient in ___________" then both a breastfed and a bottlefed baby will need supplementation of this mineral after 6 months of age?
|
- fluoride
|
|
|
what are some health risks that children are now facing due to childhood obesity?
|
- early development of type 2 diabetes
- early development of heart disease (atheroscloerosis, high cholesterol) - high blood pressure |
|
|
what influences childhood obesity?
|
- children learn behaviors from their families:
- eating too much - dieting inappropriately - exercising too little - watching too much tv |
|
|
how can we prevent weight gain in children?
|
- parents set an example
- lifestyle changes first, medications later - positive, loving support - diet moderation, not deprivation - physical activity - government and community effort |
|
|
genetics play a ________ role in childhood obesity.
|
- permissive role
(the potential for obesity is inherited but the condition itself will develop only if given a push by environmental factors |
|
|
an underweight woman is at greater risk of having a ______ baby than an overweight woman.
|
- low birthweight
|
|
|
what is the best option for an overweight pregnant woman?
|
- avoid excessive weight gain during pregnancy
|
|
|
which maternal structure houses the developing fetus?
|
- uterus
|
|
|
during what stage of development does most of the growth occur?
|
- fetal
|
|
|
as compared to her prepregnancy needs, how many extra calories does a woman who is carrying a single fetus need during each day of the third trimester?
|
- 450
|
|
|
what is the protein DRI for a pregnant woman?
|
- 25 grams per day more than that of a woman who is not pregnant
|
|
|
why are the essential fatty acids so important to the developing fetus?
|
- play a major role in brain growth, function, and structure
|
|
|
what reduces the risk of bearing a child with a neural tubal defect?
|
- folate supplementation
|
|
|
what type of pregnant woman would be in greatest need of taking a B12 vitamin supplement?
|
- one who consumes no animal products
|
|
|
a pregnant woman taking supplemental iron may also want to take supplemental what?
|
- zinc
|
|
|
during pregnancy, the weight gain attributable to _____ is about the same as the weight gain attributable to ______.
|
- the fetus....body fat
|
|
|
what type of exercise would be best for pregnant women?
|
- walking
|
|
|
relative to a pregnant adult, a pregnant teen is not at a greater risk of what?
|
- maternal death
|
|
|
what appears to be the primary cause of the heartburn that often accompanies pregnancy?
|
- hormonal changes
|
|
|
what is not associated with both smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke while pregnant?
|
- having a healthy baby
|
|
|
prenatal exposure to what will increase the risk of paralysis?
|
- cocaine
|
|
|
the FDA and EPA both recommend that women should not consume any what?
|
- swordfish (or any fish)
|
|
|
what type of behavior is most likely to cause damage to a developing embryo/fetus?
|
- consumption of supplemental vitamin A
|
|
|
what is the acceptable amount of alcohol intake for a pregnant woman?
|
- 0 drinks a day
|
|
|
alcohol is most likely to have the greatest adverse impact on the embryo/fetus when consume during what months of pregnancy?
|
- first 2 months
|
|
|
which type of women would exhibit the largest number of risk factors for gestational diabetes?
|
- pacific islander, obese, family history of diabetes
|
|
|
a pregnant friend of yours exhibits symptoms that include high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema of the face, hands, feet and ankles She could have what?
|
- preeclampsia
|
|
|
how much does lactation increase a woman's energy needs by per day?
|
- 500 calories
|
|
|
what can the quantity of breast milk produced be affected by?
|
- a poor diet
|
|
|
what impact does smoking have on lactation?
|
- decreases the amount of breast milk a woman produces
|
|
|
what is the best source of nutrients for a newborn?
|
- human breast milk
|
|
|
what is found in breast milk that is not found in infant formula?
|
- immune factors
|
|
|
it is recommended that when infants are introduced to solid foods - how should they be introduced?
|
- such foods should be composed of a single ingredient and should be introduced one at a time with 4-5 day waiting period before intro of new foods
- this is because this way allows for the identification of food allergies |
|
|
what is a zygote?
|
- product of the union of sperm and egg
|
|
|
what is anencephaly?
|
- absence of a brain
|
|
|
what is lactation?
|
- production and secretion of milk
|
|
|
what is spina bifida?
|
- common type of neural tube defect
|
|
|
what is gestation?
|
- pregnancy
|
|
|
what is a fetus?
|
- stage of gestation from 8 wks after conception to birth
|
|
|
what is an embryo?
|
- stage of gestation from the 3rd to 8th week after conception
|
|
|
what is a uterus?
|
- organ in woman that is the site of prenatal development
|
|
|
what is an ovum?
|
- egg
|
|
|
what is a neural tube?
|
- embryonic tissue that develops into the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
what is a placenta?
|
- composed of both maternal and embryonic tissue
|
|
|
what does prenatal mean?
|
- before birth
|
|
|
what is listeriosis?
|
- a type of foodborne infection
|
|
|
what is an edema?
|
- fluid accumulation
|
|
|
at what age does the energy need of an active child approximate that of an adult?
|
- 10 years old
|
|
|
what may confound attempts to lose weight?
|
- as body weight increases, energy need per unit of body weight decreases
|
|
|
what is the recommendation for fat for children between the ages of 1 and 3?
|
- 30-40% of total energy intake
|
|
|
what is the recommendation for fat for a 6 year old child?
|
- 25-35% of total energy intake
|
|
|
in the US what nutrient is a child more likely to be deficient in than any other nutrient?
|
- iron
|
|
|
what is the major source of lead in most children's lives?
|
- old paint
|
|
|
how do food allergies differ from food intolerance's?
|
- food allergies involve the production of antibodies, food intolerances do not
|
|
|
what is most likely to make a child "hyper"?
|
- chocolate
|
|
|
in the US, what can be considered the major cause of childhood obesity?
|
- TV
|
|
|
what food has the lowest potential of promoting food decay compared to other "junk" food?
|
- pizza
|
|
|
why are students sometimes asked if they've eaten breakfast?
|
- to make sure that they have sufficient energy to succeed in class
|
|
|
why do adolescent males have a high need for iron?
|
- the iron is needed to support an increase in lean body mass
|
|
|
low calcium intakes paired with what can compromise the development of peak bone mass during adolescence?
|
- lack of physical activity
|
|
|
in teens, the consumption of what is associated with an increase of later-in-life bone disease?
|
- soft drinks
|
|
|
what is the cause of PMS?
|
- not known
|
|
|
in the US, which age groups is the fastest growing segment of society?
|
- those over the age of 85 years
|
|
|
what is the relationship between BMI and health for older adults?
|
- the optimal BMI for individuals over the age of 70 is higher than the optimal BMI for younger individuals
|
|
|
for many individuals, why does basil metabolic rate decline at an older age?
|
- muscle mass declines with age
|
|
|
in general, older individuals tend to lose ______ and gain _______?
|
bone and muscle....fat
|
|
|
how can you reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
|
- lose weight
|
|
|
what diet is best for reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
|
- a diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3
|
|
|
for the elderly, what is a good source of B12 vitamin?
|
- synthetic B12
|
|
|
how do the iron needs of the elderly compare with that of younger adults?
|
- iron needs for women decrease after menopause
|
|
|
how might you be able to reduce your risk of developing muscular degeneration?
|
- eat low mercury content fish
|
|
|
what causes senile cataracts?
|
- aging
|
|
|
in the elderly, which factor is noted for its potential to result in a secondary deficiency of nutrients such as B12, folate, iron, and zinc?
|
- reduced stomach acid secretion
|
|
|
as observed in experimental animals, what is not a consequence of energy restriction?
|
- increase of muscle mass
|
|
|
how does the restriction of energy intake increase longevity?
|
- currently unknown
|
|
|
in what way is following the Mediterranean diet similar to being on an energy-restricted diet?
|
- both result in reduction in oxidative stress
|
|
|
what is found in association with the brains of those suffering from Alzheimers?
|
- abnormal protein fragments
|
|
|
what does the acroym DETERMINE stand for?
|
disease, eating poorly, tooth loss (or oral pain, economic hardship, reduced social contact, multiple medications, involuntary weight loss or gain, need of assistance with self-care, elderly person older than 80 years
|
|
|
oral contraceptives increase a woman's ______ and decrease her ______
|
- total cholesterol....HDL levels
|
|
|
what is the most consumed drug in the US?
|
- caffeine
|
|
|
for most people, what is the health impact of moderate caffeine consumption?
|
- none
|
|
|
what is anaphylactic shock?
|
- causes by a severe allergic reaction
|
|
|
what is epinephrine produced by?
|
- produced by the adrenal glands
|
|
|
what is cataracts?
|
- clouding of the lens of the eyes
|
|
|
what is arthritis?
|
- joint inflammation
|
|
|
what is senile dementia?
|
- loss of brain function beyond that normally associated with age
|
|
|
what is an allergy/
|
- immune response to the presence of an antigen
|
|
|
what are antibodies?
|
- produced in response to antigens
|
|
|
what is an food intolerance?
|
- an adverse response to a food that does not involve an immune response
|
|
|
what is an antigen?
|
- a substance that may elicit antibody formation
|
|
|
what is an epiphyseal plate?
|
- growth region of bone
|
|
|
what causes acne?
|
- result of inflammation of skin follicles and oil producing glands
|
|
|
what does longevity mean?
|
- long duration of life
|
|
|
what does lifespan mean?
|
- maximum number of years a member of a species can live
|
|
|
what does life expectancy mean?
|
- average number of years lived by the individuals of a particular population
|
|
|
what is ADHD?
|
- hyperactivity
|
|
|
what is the one food group that children don't naturally like?
|
- vegetables
|
|
|
when are kids most at risk for choking hazards?
|
- For the toddler to preschool age child, choking on food is a definite hazard
- It is important to be careful especially for ages 1-5. |
|
|
what foods are considered choking hazards?
|
- round shapes (hot dogs, hard candy, grapes)
- difficult to chew (peanut butter, apples with skin, popcorn, raw carrots) - These items need to be modified, for example cut up each grape into 4 tiny pieces) or avoid them (hard candy). |
|
|
how does lead poisoning affect children?
|
- more tahn 300,000 children in the US (most under age 6), have blood lead concentrations high enough to cause mental, behavior, and other health problems
- lead poisoning had declined dramatically over last 20 years |
|
|
how can parents minimize the risk of lead poisoning?
|
- if home built before 1978, wash floors, windowsills, and other surfaces weekly
- feed kids balanced, timely meal with ample iron and calcium - prevent kids from chewing on old painted surfaces - wash kids hands, bottles, and toys often - wipe soil off shoes before entering the home - ask pediatrician whether kid should be test for lead poisoning - avoid daily use of handmade, imported, or old ceramic mugs or pitchers for hot or acidic beverages, such as juices, coffee, or tea - don't use lead crystal decanters for stoing alcoholic or other beverages - if home is old and may have lead pipes, run water for a minute before using, especially before the first use in the morning - remove lead foil from wine bottles, and wipe mouth of the bottle before pouring |
|
|
what is a food allergy?
|
- involves the immune system
- immune reaction to foreign substance |
|
|
what is food intolerance?
|
- an adverse reaction to a food or food additive not involving an immune response
|
|
|
what is anaphylactic shock?
|
- a life-threatening food allergy reaction
|
|
|
what types of food can cause an anaphylactic shock?
|
- peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish, and shellfish
|
|
|
what is a true food allergy?
|
- occurs when a food protein or other large molecule enters body tissues
|
|
|
what are factors that can contribute to "hyperactive" behavior?
|
- hunger
- too much TV - caffeine - lack of sleep - lack of exercise - low iron intake |
|
|
how does sugar contribute to hyperactivity?
|
- sugar intake has not been proven to correlate with hyperactivity in children
|
|
|
how can you reduce hyperactive behavior?
|
- establishing a good breakfast, plenty of outdoor physical activity, limited tv & computer time, and regular bed time can actually help the child to focus and learn.
- Breakfast has been proven to increase academic scores when performing on a test. |
|
|
what is the impact of TV on nutrition in children?
|
- requires no energy above the resting level of expenditure
- consumes time that could be spent in energetic play (an inactive child can become obese even while eating less food than an active child) - more TV watching correlates with more between-meal snacking and with eating the high-calorie fatty and sugary foods most heavily advertised on children's programs - children who watch more than 4 hrs of TV a day, or watch during meals, are least likely to eat fruits and vegetables and most likely to be obese |
|
|
why is it a problem for children to skip breakfast?
|
- breakfast is critical to school performance
- supports healthy growth and development |
|
|
what percentage of the DRI do school lunches have to provide?
|
- at least 1/3 of the nutrients needed daily by growing children
|
|
|
how does the teenage growth pattern work?
|
- this is the second fastest rate of growth (the first being newborn to one year)
- a teenager will actually eat a large quantity of food and a short time later, be actually hungry. - this stage of life needs more minerals, vitamins, and energy nutrients than any other stage of life (except pregnancy and lactation) |
|
|
what is the best way to determine if the teenage is growing normally?
|
- To determine appropriate growth in children and teenagers, doctors would monitor height and weight and compare it to previous year's visits and measures.
|
|
|
when does a male and females growth spurt happen?
|
- Boys: is from 12 and peask at 14 yrs, and slows at 19
- Girls: is from 10 and peaks at 12 years |
|
|
which mineral is especially important during the growing teenage years?
|
- Iron is one of the important minerals for growth so it is a common mineral for children and teens to be lacking in their diet due to limited food choices, excessive growth, and/or a combination of the two.
|
|
|
what are two events that affect a woman's metabolism 2 wks prior to menstruation?
|
- the basal metabolic rate during sleep speeds up
- appetite and caloric intake increase |
|
|
how do nutrient needs change after age 65?
|
- basal metabolism slows down (generally from loss of muscle mass)
- increasing or maintaining muscle mass is important at this time - physical activity recommended - generous carb intakes are recomended - fiber needs to be included to avoid constipation |
|
|
what is the only vitamin that has absorption increase with age?
|
- vitamin A
|
|
|
which vitamins absorptions decrease with age?
|
- vitamin D
- B12 |
|
|
how can drugs (medication) interfere with nutrition?
|
- food or nutrients can enhance, delay, or prevent drug absorption and vice versa
- nutreints can alter the distribution of a drug or interfere with its metabolism, transport, or elimination and vice versa |
|
|
can food affect the outcomes of Alzheimer's?
|
- current treatment helps only marginally
- omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil are under study for potential preventative methods - zinc and other trace minerals taken in supplement form can worsen symptoms |
|
|
what is a federal program designed to improve the health/nutrition to seniors?
|
- The Senior Nutrition Program is part of the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)
- designed to help public and private nonresidential child and adult day-care progams provide nutritious meals to those younger than age 12 or older than 65 (or people with disabilities |
|
|
what are other federal sources of support for the elderly?
|
- social security
- food stamps - Senior Nutrition Program - Meals on Wheels |
|
|
what are essential nutrients?
|
- nutrients that must be maintained in the the diet because the body doesn't make them
- found in all 6 classes of foods |
|
|
which nutrients provide energy?
|
- Carbs (4 cal/g)
- Fats (9 cal/g) - Proteins (4 cal/g) |
|
|
why are daily values used on labels?
|
- one set of values that applies to everyone found only on food labels
- reflect the needs of an "average" person - someone eating 2000-2500 calories a day - enable consumers to compare the nutrient values among foods |
|
|
the meat, poultry, fish, legumes, eggs, and nuts food group is an especially good source of...?
|
- protein
|
|
|
the milk, yogurt, and cheese food group is an especially good source of...?
|
- protein
|
|
|
how many calories per gram does alcohol have?
|
- 7 cal/g
|
|
|
where does nutrient absorption take place?
|
- in the intestine
|
|
|
what is the only animal food that has a significant amount of carbohydrates?
|
- dairy products
|
|
|
what does DRI stand for?
|
- Daily Recommended Intake
|
|
|
which is the most energy-rich nutrient?
|
- fat (9 cal)
|
|
|
what are positive lifestyle factors in preventing type 2 diabetes?
|
- weight control
- exercise - healthy lifestyle |
|
|
what are the major guidelines for healthy people?
|
- limiting caloric intake
- obtaining more and varied selections of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and nonfat or low fat milk products |
|
|
what are some key behaviors cited by successful weight maintainers?
|
- believe they have the ability to control their weight (attribute known as self efficacy)
- eat breakfast - more physically active than others - monitor body weight, fat grams, and calorie intake regularly - maintain consistent eating patterns - quickly address small lapses to prevent small gains from turning into major ones - don't dramatically change their food intakes between weekdays and weekends - eat high fiber foods and consume enough water each day - cultivate and honor realistic expectations regarding body size and shape |
|
|
one of the characteristics of a nutritious diet is that the diet provides no constituent in excess. This principle of diet planning is called?
|
- moderation
|
|
|
a slice of peach pie supplies 357 calories with 48 units of vitamin A; one large peach provides 42 calories and 53 units of vitamin A - this is an example of?
|
- nutrient density
|
|
|
what is an example of a partitioned food?
|
- corn oil
|
|
|
studies of populations in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members are referred to as...?
|
- intervention studies
|
|
|
both heart disease and cancer are due to genetic causes and diet can't influence whether they occur - true or false?
|
- false
|
|
|
people most often choose foods for the nutrients they provide - true or false?
|
- false; more based on social interactions
|
|
|
according to the Healthy People 2010 nutrition-related objectives, its recommended that the proportion of persons aged 2 yrs and older who eat at least two daily servings of fruit be increased - true or false?
|
- true
|
|
|
the DRI were devised for which reasons?
|
- to set nutrient goals for individuals
- to suggest upper limits of intakes - to set average nutrient requirements for use in research |
|
|
according to the USDA food guide, what can be counted as either meats or vegetables?
|
- beans
|
|
|
the USDA food guide recommends a small amount of oil daily from which sources?
|
- olives
- nuts - vegetable oil |
|
|
what values are found on food labels?
|
- DV (daily values)
|
|
|
the energy intake recommended is set at a level predicted to maintain body weight - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
people who choose not to eat animals or their products need to find an alternative to the USDA food guide for their diets- T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
by law, food labels must state as a % of the DV's the amounts of vitamins C and A, and niacin, and thiamin present in food?
|
- false - only vit A, C, calcium and iron
|
|
|
to be labeled "low fat", a food must contain 3 grams of fat or less per serving - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
what is NOT true concerning ulcers?
|
- they usually occur in the large intestine
|
|
|
what increases the production of intestinal gas?
|
- chewing gum
- drinking carbonated beverages - eating certain vegetables |
|
|
chemical digestion of all nutrients mainly occurs in which organ?
|
- small intestine
|
|
|
T cells are immune cells that ingest and destroy antigens in a process known as phagocytosis - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
bile states the process of protein digestion in the stomach - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
to digest food efficiently, people shouldn't combine certain foods, such as meat and fruit, at the same meal - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the mucus-coated lining of the stomach - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
what do the dietary monosaccharides include?
|
- fructose
- glucose - galactose |
|
|
the polysaccharide that helps form the supportin structures of plants is...?
|
- cellulose
|
|
|
digestible carbohydrates are absorbed as ______ through the small intestinal wall and are delivered to the liver where they are converted to ______?
|
- monosaccharides; glucose
|
|
|
when blood glucose concentration rises, the pancreas secretes _____, and when blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas secretes ______.
|
- insulin ; glucagon
|
|
|
when the body uses fat for fuel without the help of carbohydrate, this results in the production of _______?
|
- ketone bodies
|
|
|
foods rich in fiber lower blood cholesterol - T or F?
|
- True
|
|
|
type 1 diabetes is most often controlled by weight loss management- T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
around the world, most people are lactose intolerant - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
by law, enriched white bread must equal whole-grain bread in nutrient content - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
the fiber-rich portion of the wheat kernel is the bran layer- T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
what is NOT one of the ways fats are useful in foods?
|
fats provide a low-calorie source of energy compared to carbs
|
|
|
vegetable and fish oils are rich in what?
|
- polyunsaturated fat
|
|
|
a benefit to health is seen when ____ is used in place of _____ in the diet.
|
- monounsaturated fat; saturated fat
|
|
|
chylomicrons, a class of lipoproteins, are produced where?
|
- small intestinal cells
|
|
|
the roles of the essential fatty acids include?
|
- form parts of cell membranes
- support infant growth and vision development - support immune function |
|
|
LDL deliver triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to the body's tissues - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
taking supplements of fish oil is recommended for those who don't like fish - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
consuming large amounts of trans-fatty acids lowers LDL cholesterol and thus lowers the rish of heart disease and heart attack - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
when the fat-replacer olestra is present in the digestive tract, it enhances the absorption of vitamin E - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
fired fish from fast food restaurants and frozen friend fish products are often low in omega 3 ahd high in trans and saturated fatty acids - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
the basic building blocks for proteins are?
|
- amino acids
|
|
|
protein digestion begins in the...?
|
- stomach
|
|
|
to prevent wasting of dietary protein, which condition must be met?
|
- dietary protein must be adequate in quantity
- dietary protein must supply all essential amino acids in the proper amounts - the diet must supply enough calories from carbs and fat |
|
|
for healthy adults, the DRI recommended intake for protein has been set at what?
|
- 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight
|
|
|
what statement is correct regarding prtein and amino acid supplements?
|
- (answer is "none of the above")
|
|
|
under certain circumstances, protein can be converted to glucose and so serve the energy needs of the brain - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
too little protein in the diet can have severe consequences, but excess protein has not been proven to have adverse effects - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
although protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is prevalent in underdeveloped nations, it is not seen in the US - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
partially completed proteins are not held for completion at a later time when the diet may improve - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
an example of a person in positive nitrogen balance is a pregnant woman - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
what foods are rich in beta-carotene?
|
- sweet potatoes
- pumpkin - spinach |
|
|
a deficiency of niacin may result in which disease?
|
- pellagra
|
|
|
what describes the fat soluble vitamins?
|
- stored extensively in tissues
|
|
|
which vitamins are present only in foods of animal origin?
|
- the active form of vitamin A
- vitamin B12 |
|
|
the theory that vitamin C prevents or cures colds is well supported by research - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
vitamin D functions as a hormone and can help maintain bone integrity - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
vitamin A supplements can help treat acne - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
what is water balance governed by?
|
- kidneys and brain
|
|
|
which two minerals are the major constituents of bone?
|
- phosphorus and calcium
|
|
|
what is NOT correct concerning zinc?
|
- fruits and vegetables are the best sources for zinc
|
|
|
a deficiency of what mineral is the leading cause of mental retardation worldwide?
|
- iodine
|
|
|
what mineral supplement is a leading cause of accidental poisoning in US children?
|
- iron
|
|
|
after about 50 years of age, bones begin to lose density - T or F?
|
- False
|
|
|
the best way to control alt intake is to cut down on processed and fast foods - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
the most abundant mineral in the body is iron - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
dairy foods such as butter, cream, and cream cheese are good sources of calcium whereas vegetables such as broccoli are poor sources - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
bottled water must meet higher standards for purity and sanitation than US tap water - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
what are health risks associated with excessive body fat?
|
- respiratory problems
- sleep apnea - gallbladder disease |
|
|
what is a statement about basal metabolic rate (BMR) that is correct?
|
- the more thyroxine produced, the higher the BMR
|
|
|
body density is determined by which technique?
|
- underwater weighing
|
|
|
the obesity theory stating that the body's production of heat determines its tendency to gain or lose weight is?
|
- thermogenesis theory
|
|
|
what explains the great initial weight-loss with a high-protein diet?
|
- lost glycogen and water
|
|
|
what is a possible physical consequence of fasting?
|
- loss of lean body tissues
|
|
|
the thermic effect of food plays a major role in energy expenditure - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
the nervous system can't use fat as fuel - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
the BMI standard is an excellent tool for evaluating obesity in athletes and the elderly - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
a diet too low in carbs brings about responses that are similar to fasting - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
what provides most of the energy the muscles use in the early minutes of activity?
|
- glycogen
|
|
|
what diet has been shown to increase an athlete's endurance?
|
- high-carb diet
|
|
|
what stimulates synthessi of muscle cell protein?
|
- physical activity
|
|
|
what statement concerning beer is not correct?
|
- beer gets most of its calories from carbs
|
|
|
a person who exercises moderately longer tahn 20 minutes begins to what?
|
- use less glucose and more fat for fuel
|
|
|
weight training to improve muscle strength and endurance has no effect on maintaining bone mass - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
the average resting pulse rate for adults is around 70 beats per minute, but the rate is higher in active people - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
an athlete should drink extra fluid in the last few days of training before an event in order to ensure proper hydration - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
research does not support the idea that athletes need supplements of vitamins to enhance their performance - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
aerobically trained muscles burn fat more readily than untrained muscle - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
by what age do most people have well developed plaques in their arteries?
|
- 30 years
|
|
|
what is a risk factor for CVD?
|
- diabetes
|
|
|
an "atherogenic diet" is high in what?
|
- cholesterol
- saturated fats - trans fats |
|
|
what dietary factors may help to regulate blood pressure?
|
- calcium
- magnesium - potassium |
|
|
what factors have been associated with an increase in cancer risk?
|
- alcohol
- diets high in red meat - high intakes of smoke-preserved foods |
|
|
when calorie intakes rise, cancer rates also increase - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
laboratory evidence suggests that a high calcium diet may increase the risk of colon cancer- T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
the DASH diet is designed for athletes who compete in sprinting events - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
hypertension is more sever and occurs earlier in life among people of European or Asian descent than among African Americans -- T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
most alternative therapies, such as herbal medicine, have not been well established by scientific experimentation to be safe and effective - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
what food hazards has the FDA identified as its number one concern?
|
- microbial foodborne illnesses
|
|
|
to prevent foodborne illnesses, the refrigerator temp should be less than what?
|
- 40 degrees F
|
|
|
what may be contracted from normal appearing raw seafood?
|
- hepatitis
- worms and flukes - viral intestinal disorders |
|
|
what is a correct statement concerning fruits that have been irradiated?
|
- they decay and ripen more slowly
|
|
|
what organism can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
|
- E.coli O157-H7
|
|
|
it is possible to eliminate all poisons from your diet by eating only "natural" foods - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
pregnant women are advised not to eat certain species of fish because the FDA and the EPA have detected unacceptably high lead levels in them - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
the threat of foodborne illness from meats or seafood is far greater than that from produce - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
the FDA recently approved a virus, known as bacteriophage, as a good additive - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
infants under one years of age should never be fed honey becaue it can contain spores of Clostridium botulinum - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
a pregnant woman needs an extra 450 calories above the allowance for nonpregant women during which trimester?
|
- third
|
|
|
a deficiency of which nutrient appears to be related to an increased risk of neural tube defects in the newborn?
|
- folate
|
|
|
what preventative measures should a pregnant woman take to avoid contracting listeriosis?
|
- avoid feta cheese
- thoroughly heat hot dogs |
|
|
breastfed infants may need supplements of what?
|
- fluoride
- iron - vitamin D |
|
|
what foods pose a choking hazard to infants and small children?
|
- marshmallows
- hot dog slices |
|
|
sweets of any kind (including baby food "desserts") have no place in a baby's diet - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
a major reason why a woman's nutrition before pregnancy is crucial is that it determines whether her uterus will support the growth of a normal placenta - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation in the world - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
in general, the effect of nutritional deprivation on a breastfeeding mother is to reduce the quality of her milk - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
a sure way to get a baby to sleep through the night is to feed solid foods as soon as the baby can swallow them - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
children naturally like nutrious foods in all food groups except which?
|
- vegetables
|
|
|
what things can contribute to choking in children?
|
- peanut butter eaten by spoonful
- hot dogs and tough meat - grapes and hard candy |
|
|
what is the most commonly deficient mineral in children and adolescents?
|
- iron
|
|
|
what may worsen symptoms of PMS?
|
- caffeine
|
|
|
what has been shown to improve acne?
|
- accutane
|
|
|
physical changes of aging that can affect nutrition include what?
|
- reduced stomach acid
- tooth loss and gum disease |
|
|
research to date supports the idea that food allergies or intolerance's are common causes of hyperactivity in kids - T or F?
|
-false
|
|
|
nutrition does not seem to play a role in the causation of osteoarthritis - T or F?
|
- true
|
|
|
vitamin A absorption decreases with age - T or F?
|
- false
|
|
|
herbal supplements have been shown to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's disease - T or F?
|
- false
|
