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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Water is the main component of...

blood and lymph

Water is the primary medium for...

chemical reactions and heat regulation

6 types of water in the body

saliva, mucus, synovial fluid, CSF, tears, amniotic fluid

Water provided via fluid intake

~9 cups, 2150mL

Water provided via food intake

~2 cups, 500mL

Water provided via metabolic water

~1.25 cups, 300mL

Metabolic water is...

water formed by cells as a metabolic by-product

Water lost via urine

~8.2 cups, 1950mL

Water lost via skin perspiration

~1.25 cups, 300mL

Insensible perspiration

water that passes through the skin that isn't sweat

Water lost via lung perspiration

~1.25 cups, 300mL

Water lost via feces

~.4 cups, mL

How many cups of water should a young woman drink every day?

11

How many cups of water should a young man drink every day?

15.5

What is water intoxication?

drinking too much water at one time

Effects of water intoxication

kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood. Excess water dilutes sodium concentration in blood, disrupting water balance. Causes dizziness, headache, confusion, bizarre behavior, seizures

Thirst is controlled by the...

hypothalamus

Dehydration

fluid output>fluid input. 16 oz. water lost=1lb. body weight. children and elderly at risk

Kidneys are a major regulator of...

water content, ion concentration via filtering, blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

secreted by post. pituitary, tells kidneys to decrease water excretion and raise blood volume

Aldosterone

secreted by adrenal gland, tells kidneys to conserve sodium

Diuretics

substances that inhibit ADH, resulting in urinary water loss

Primary extracellular ions

sodium and chloride

Primary intracellular ions

potassium and phosphate

Isotonic solution

equal concentration of solutes inside and outside cell

Hypotonic solution

low outside, high inside

Hypertonic solution

low inside, high outside

Intracellular fluid

63% of all body fluid

Extracellular fluid

plasma, lymph (7%), and intersitial fluid (30%)

Normal extracellular pH

~7.4

Acids are produced as a by-product of...

nutrient catabolism

pH determined by...

H+ ions

Acids must be __________ to maintain pH

neutralized

Acidosis

pH is less than 7.4

Acidosis can be caused by...

poorly managed diabetes, starvation, diarrhea, COPD

Alkalosis

pH=7.5-7.8

Alkalosis can be caused by...

diuretic use, vomiting, altitude sickness, pneumonia



Proteins buffers pH by...

binding and releasing H+

Respiratory system buffers pH by...

controlling amount of CO2 exhaled

Electrolytes in kidneys buffer pH by...

controlling release of H+ ions in urine

Antioxodants protect the body from...

free radicals

Oxidation

loss of negatively charged ion

Reduction

gain of a negatively charged electron

Free radicals

unstable atom with unpaired electron in its outer shell

Enzyme activity

requires selenium manganese, zinc, iron, copper

Antioxidants

give up an electron to a free radical to stabilize it

Vitamin E

fat soluble, found in adipose tissue, plant oils are the best source, adults should intak e15mg/day

Vitamin E deficiency

impaired immune function, nerve damage

Vitamin E toxicity

may interfere with Vitamin K blood clotting

Vitamin C

increases iron absorbtion, found in fruits, synthesizes seroonin and norepinephrine, women should intake 75mg/day and men 90

Vitamin C deficiency

scurvy, poor wound healing, pinpoint hemorrages, bleeding gums, bruises, depression

Vitamin C toxicity

kidneys excrete excess amounts of vitamin C and oxalate, increases risk of kidney stones

Vitamin A

found in animal foods, maintains vision, reproduction, cellular growth, immune system

Vitamin A deficiency

epithelial cells produce excess keratin

Vitamin A toxicity

can result in liver damage

Selenium

found in Brazil nuts, fish, organ meats, shellfish, eggs. Most americans meet RDA. May reduce risk of certain cancers

Selenium deficiency

may occur with severe GI tract conditions

Selenium toxicity

selenosis causes hair loss, weakness, cirrhosis

Carotenoids

found in plant pigment, is a phytochemical, precursors to vitamin A

What 3 carotenoids are provtamins?

alpha carotene ,beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin

Phytochemicals

inhibit cancer and cell death, reduce formation of blood clots, decreases inflammation, found in plant food