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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water is the main component of... |
blood and lymph |
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Water is the primary medium for... |
chemical reactions and heat regulation |
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6 types of water in the body |
saliva, mucus, synovial fluid, CSF, tears, amniotic fluid |
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Water provided via fluid intake |
~9 cups, 2150mL |
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Water provided via food intake |
~2 cups, 500mL |
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Water provided via metabolic water |
~1.25 cups, 300mL |
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Metabolic water is... |
water formed by cells as a metabolic by-product |
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Water lost via urine |
~8.2 cups, 1950mL |
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Water lost via skin perspiration |
~1.25 cups, 300mL |
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Insensible perspiration |
water that passes through the skin that isn't sweat |
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Water lost via lung perspiration |
~1.25 cups, 300mL |
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Water lost via feces |
~.4 cups, mL |
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How many cups of water should a young woman drink every day? |
11 |
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How many cups of water should a young man drink every day? |
15.5 |
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What is water intoxication? |
drinking too much water at one time |
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Effects of water intoxication |
kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood. Excess water dilutes sodium concentration in blood, disrupting water balance. Causes dizziness, headache, confusion, bizarre behavior, seizures
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Thirst is controlled by the... |
hypothalamus |
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Dehydration |
fluid output>fluid input. 16 oz. water lost=1lb. body weight. children and elderly at risk |
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Kidneys are a major regulator of... |
water content, ion concentration via filtering, blood pressure |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
secreted by post. pituitary, tells kidneys to decrease water excretion and raise blood volume |
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Aldosterone |
secreted by adrenal gland, tells kidneys to conserve sodium |
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Diuretics |
substances that inhibit ADH, resulting in urinary water loss |
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Primary extracellular ions |
sodium and chloride |
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Primary intracellular ions |
potassium and phosphate |
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Isotonic solution |
equal concentration of solutes inside and outside cell |
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Hypotonic solution |
low outside, high inside |
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Hypertonic solution |
low inside, high outside |
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Intracellular fluid |
63% of all body fluid |
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Extracellular fluid |
plasma, lymph (7%), and intersitial fluid (30%) |
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Normal extracellular pH |
~7.4 |
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Acids are produced as a by-product of... |
nutrient catabolism |
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pH determined by... |
H+ ions |
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Acids must be __________ to maintain pH |
neutralized |
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Acidosis |
pH is less than 7.4 |
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Acidosis can be caused by... |
poorly managed diabetes, starvation, diarrhea, COPD |
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Alkalosis |
pH=7.5-7.8 |
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Alkalosis can be caused by... |
diuretic use, vomiting, altitude sickness, pneumonia |
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Proteins buffers pH by... |
binding and releasing H+ |
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Respiratory system buffers pH by... |
controlling amount of CO2 exhaled |
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Electrolytes in kidneys buffer pH by... |
controlling release of H+ ions in urine |
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Antioxodants protect the body from... |
free radicals |
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Oxidation |
loss of negatively charged ion |
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Reduction |
gain of a negatively charged electron |
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Free radicals |
unstable atom with unpaired electron in its outer shell |
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Enzyme activity |
requires selenium manganese, zinc, iron, copper |
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Antioxidants |
give up an electron to a free radical to stabilize it |
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Vitamin E |
fat soluble, found in adipose tissue, plant oils are the best source, adults should intak e15mg/day |
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Vitamin E deficiency |
impaired immune function, nerve damage |
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Vitamin E toxicity |
may interfere with Vitamin K blood clotting |
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Vitamin C |
increases iron absorbtion, found in fruits, synthesizes seroonin and norepinephrine, women should intake 75mg/day and men 90 |
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Vitamin C deficiency |
scurvy, poor wound healing, pinpoint hemorrages, bleeding gums, bruises, depression |
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Vitamin C toxicity |
kidneys excrete excess amounts of vitamin C and oxalate, increases risk of kidney stones |
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Vitamin A |
found in animal foods, maintains vision, reproduction, cellular growth, immune system |
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Vitamin A deficiency |
epithelial cells produce excess keratin |
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Vitamin A toxicity |
can result in liver damage |
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Selenium |
found in Brazil nuts, fish, organ meats, shellfish, eggs. Most americans meet RDA. May reduce risk of certain cancers |
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Selenium deficiency |
may occur with severe GI tract conditions |
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Selenium toxicity |
selenosis causes hair loss, weakness, cirrhosis |
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Carotenoids |
found in plant pigment, is a phytochemical, precursors to vitamin A |
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What 3 carotenoids are provtamins? |
alpha carotene ,beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin |
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Phytochemicals |
inhibit cancer and cell death, reduce formation of blood clots, decreases inflammation, found in plant food |