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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Telencephalon |
Part of the Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Hippocampus Basal Ganglia Amygdala |
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Diencephalon |
Part of the Forebrain: Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal Gland |
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Mesencephalon |
Midbrain: Tectum Tegmentum |
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Metencephalon |
Part of Hindbrain: Cerebellum Pons |
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Myenlencephalon |
Medulla Oblongata |
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Golgi Stain |
Camillo Gogli 1873 Colored the neurons entirely Revealed cell body and neuritis |
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Weigart Stain |
Stains white matter black |
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Nissl Stain |
Franz Nissl 1885 Stained RNA blue Study cytoarchitecture Distinguished cell bodies from fiber paths Distinguishes diff types of cells from each other Neurons & Glia Distinguishes diff parts of neuron |
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Cytoarchitecture |
Cell Anatomy |
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Neuron |
Process information Sense environmental changes Communicates with other neurons Command body responses Only know 150 diff types of neurons 3 categories - sensory, motor, & interneurons Composed of soma & neurites |
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Soma |
Cell body |
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Neurites |
Dendrites & Axon |
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Axon |
Efferent Sends info from cell body towards other cells Can travel long distances Can have collateral branches Components: -Axon Hillock (beginning) -Axon Proper (middle) -Axon Terminal (end) |
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Dendrites |
Afferent Transmits info to cell body from other cells Tend to have many short branches Increases surface available for synapses |
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White Manner Versus Gray Matter |
White matter is the whitish nerve tissue of the central nervous system that is mainly composed of myelinated nerve fibers (or axons). And gray matter is grayish nerve tissue of the central nervous system mainly composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites. |
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Afferent |
Input Convey info from tissues and organs into the CNS (sensory neurons) |
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Efferent |
Output Transmit signals from CNS to the effector cells (motor neurons) |
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Sensory Neuron |
Afferent nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses. |
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Motor Neuron |
Efferent a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. |
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Interneuron |
Connect neurons w/in specific region of the CNS |
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Neuron Doctrine |
Neurons communicate by contact, not continuity Adhere to Cell Theory |
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Primary Sensory Neuron |
afferent pseudounipolar stretches from receptive fields to the spinal cord |
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Primary Motor Neuron |
Efferent Dorsal potion of frontal lobe |
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Glial Cells |
Most numerous in brain Fill spaces b/w neurons Serve a variety of important metabolic functions Support Endothelial cells Filter out substances from reaching brain Senses neuronal activity & releases compounds that dilate or constrict blood vessels Mediate during injury or growth of wht matter |
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Astrocytes - Glia |
Most numerous glia Physical support and nutrition for neurons Regulate local blood flow Maintaining extracellular ion balance Associate with 100ths of synapses Guide cell migration Glutamate transmission Removes NT after release at synapses |
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Oligodendrocytes |
In CNS, but Schwann Cells in PNS Forms Myelin Sheath (breakdown --> MS) |
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Microglial |
Immune cells of brain Fight infection and respond to injury Protect and repair CNS Phagocytosis - process of cleaning up debris post injury |
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Ependymal Cells |
Line ventricles & choroid plexus Secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
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Cortical Neurons:Cells with inhibitory connections to other neurons |
Large basket cells (2 subtypes) Columnar basket cells Double-bouquet cells Chandelier cells Smooth stellate cells w/out distinctive axonal pattern Other |
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Cortical Neurons: Cells with excitatory connections to other neurons |
Pyramidal cells (most numerous) Spiny stellate cells |
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Cytosol |
A salty fluid inside the neuronal membrane of the soma Containing orangelles & cytoplasm |
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Nucleus |
Contains DNA & Chromonsones Contained w/in a double membrane, nuclear envelope |
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Action Potential |
Ions in cytosol create an electrical potential across membrane Rising phase, Overshoot, Falling phase, Undershoot Cytosol has a negative charge relative to extracellular space Spike/Nerve Impulse/Discharge "All-or-None" Chain reaction Length of action 2 msec Inside axon (faster) Across axonal membrane (slower) Bigger the axon the faster it is Only occurs at Nodes of Ravier |
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Cation(+) versus Anions(-) |
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are positively charged called monovalent cations Calcium (Ca++) is a divalent cation Chloride (Cl-) is negatively charged is called monovalent anion |
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Resting Potential |
-65mV Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport Na+ ions to the outside of the membrane & K+ ions to the inside of membrane 3 Na+ ions are pumped out for every 2 K+ ions Net negative cell - more negative inside than outside Can occur also by "leaky channels" |
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Ion Channels |
Ion channels are protein molecules with pores that allow ions ofspecified size and charge to pass through. Multiple states: open or closed Selectivity: only permeable to certain ions depending on pore size and amino acids One w/ little delay Stay open for 1 msec Cannot be opened again from depolarization |
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Absolute Refractory Period |
Channels are inactivated |
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Conduction of AP |
Determined by layers of myelin they facilitate current flow Saltatory conduction |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
Gaps in myelin sheath Saves energy Where Action Potential occurs it jumps from node to node |
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Dales Principal |
Neurons only work with one NT |
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Cell Theory |
the individual cell is the functional unit of all animal tissues |
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Organelles |
Same in all animals -nucleus -rough ED -smooth ER -Gogli apparatus -mitochondria |
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Mitochondrion |
ATP energy source In soma multiple inner folds, cristae |
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Synapse |
presynaptic/postsynaptic Synaptic Transmission: electrical signal(at axon) ->chemical signal(atpresynapse) -> electrical signal(postsynapse) |
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Homotopic |
One neuron in one hemisphere is connection to another neuron in about the same place in the same hemisphere |
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Rising phase |
40mV generator potential rapid depolarization of membrane
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Falling phase |
Rapid repolarization until the inside of membrane is more (-) than at rest |
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Overshoot |
inside the neuron is (+) w/ respect to the outside Depolarization |
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Depolarization |
Na+ come into the cell causing the inside to become positive (Sodium diffusion in) |
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Repolarization |
K+ out of the cell, making the inside more negative than the outside (Potassium diffusion out)
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Hyperpolarization |
Too much K+ diffusing out of the cell Once the K+ channels close this is corrected and the cell returns to resting potential |
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Refractory period |
During hyperpolarization No action potential can occur Called Undershoot phase |
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Channelrhodopsin |
Encodes a light sensitive channel that is permeable to Na+ & Ca+ Opens to blue light |
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Exocytosis |
the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane |
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Difference between Absolute Refractory Period and Relative Refractory Period |
Absolute refractory period corresponds to depolarisation and repolarisation, whereas relative refractory period corresponds to hyperpolarisation. |
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Chemical Synapses |
1921 Otto Loewi Electrical stimulation of axons caused release of a chemicalthat mimicked neural stimulation Comprise the majority of synapses in the brain Unidirectional |
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Electrical Synapses |
Furshpan & Potter 1959 Electrical current flowing from one neuron to the next Contains Gap Junctions 6 connections form a channel called connexon Cells are "electrically coupled" Fast transmission Didirectional Potential is small |
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Gap Junctions |
3nm separate membranes of two cells 2 connexon channels (one from each cell) form a gap junction |
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Active Zone |
Site where vesicles bind and release NT |
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Postsynaptic Density |
Post synaptic site of receptors |
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Endocytosis |
The vesicles returning to the presynaptic neuron |
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Reuptake |
NT re-enter the presynaptic axon terminal |
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Amino Acid Neurotransmitters |
Small organic molecules Glutamate, Glycine, and GABA |
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Amines Neurotransmitters |
Small organic molecules Dopamine, Actylcholine, Histamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, & Serotonin |
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Peptide Neurotransmitters |
Short amino acid chains Dynorphin, Cholecystokinin, Neuropeptide Y, Somatostatin, Substance P., THyroid releasing hormone, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, & Enkephalins |
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Membrane Potential |
The voltage across the neuronal membrane at any moment |
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EPSP(Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential) summation |
Represents the simplest form of synaptic integration in CNS Creates significant postsynaptic depolarization (Integration) 2 types -Spatial Summation -Temporal Summation |
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Spatial Summation |
Adding together of EPSPs generated simultaneously at many different synapses on a dendrite |
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Temporal Summation |
Adding together of EPSPs generated at the same synapse if they occur in rapid succession (1-15msec) |
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Synaptic Integration |
Process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine w/in one postsynaptic neuron (20msec) Excitable Dendrites Dendritic sodium channels: May carry electricalsignals in opposite direction, from soma outwardalong dendrites Inhibition Action of synapses to take membrane potential away from action potential threshold Modulation Synaptic transmission that modifies effectiveness of EPSPs generated by other synapses with transmitter-gated ion channels |
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Receptor Antagonists |
Inhibitors of NTs receptors (Curare) |
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Receptor Agonists |
Mimic actions of naturally occurring NTs (Nicotine) |
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Acetylcholine |
Predominant NT from brain to muscles Excitatory NT at Neuromuscular junctions Functions: Energy, Heartbeat, & Respiration When inhibited - slow of heart rate Plays a role in learning & memory (Alzheimer's) |
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Co-transmitters |
2+ transmitters released from one nerve terminal An amino acid or amine + a peptide |
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Catecholamine |
Involved in movement, mood, attention, and visceral function |
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Tyrosine |
Precursor to 3 amine neurotransmitters that contain catechol group -Dopamine -Norepinephrine -Epinephrine |
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Serotonin |
Derived from tryptophan (-> 5-HTP ->5HT) turkey, choco, others Regulates mood, emotional behavior, stimulates vomiting, modulation of: body, temp, human sexuality, appetite, and metabolism Inhibitory NT Stimulate drugs/caffeine can repeat serotonin over time Reuptake inhibitors: -antidepressants (natural or otherwise) |
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Disorders of Serotonin |
SIDS Depression Panic Disorder Bipolar |
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Dopamine Overview |
Inhibitory & Excitatory NT Acts as a neuromodulator to mediate behavior plasticity (involved in: reinforcement, hypermotility & stereotypy) Essential for normal cognitive function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Deficiencies: Lack of control of movement (Parkinsons/ADHA) lack of comprehension lack of social behavior lack of memory lack of attention lack of problem solving |
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Dopamine Placement |
Mesocortical: Ventral tegmentum to cortex Memory, attention, & problem solving Nigrostriatal: Substantia nigra to striatum (caudate, putamen) Initiation & control of movement (parkinson's/ADHA) Mesolimbic: (reward systems) Ventral tegmentum to nucleus accumbens in the limbic system, and to prefrontal cortex: Reward & emotional behavior Deficiencies (avolition/alogia/flat affect) Tuberoinfundibular: B/w the hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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Norepinephrine |
Excitatory NT Locus coeruleus, medial forebrain bundle, stria termimalis, hippocampus, cortex Plays a role in attention to external events, planning & executing movement, emotions (fear/anxiety) Deficiencies: difficulty w/ concentrating, fatigue, empathy, & depression (depression/ADHA) |
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Glutamate |
Excitatory NT Produce EPSPs |
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GABA |
Mediates inhibitory transmission Receptors produce IPSPs Too much inhibition can cause loss if consciousness |
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Gylcine |
Medates non-GABA inhibitory transmission Bind alcohol, benzodiazeoines, barbiturates |
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Nicotine |
Increases acetylcholine enhancing concentration & memory Increases norepinephrine enhancing alertness and arousal (but reduces reaction time) Increases beta-endorphin reducing pain and anxiety Extends duration of positive dopamine effects Increases sensitivity in brain reward systems |
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Venom |
Act on different receptorson nerve or muscle cellsthat maintain andpropagate actionpotentials and musclecontraction Acetylcholine receptors - promotes excessive release from the nerve terminal, leads to neural muscular blockage. Causes localized or generalized severe muscle cramps, abdominalpain, weakness, and tremor.Causes tremendous pain. Insevere cases, vomiting, nausea,fainting, dizziness, chest pain, andrespiratory difficulties. Potassium channels Calcium channels Black Widow |
