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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Locomotion is
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the act of moving, or the capacity to
move from place to place |
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What is Crawling?
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the infant’s chest and
stomach also touch the surface |
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What is creeping?
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only the hands and knees touch the
surface |
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What is the progression of skills that leads to creeping
and crawling |
1. Crawling with the chest and stomach on the floor
2. Low creeping with the stomach off the floor but legs working together (symmetrically) 3. Rocking back and forth in the high creeping position 4. Creeping with the legs and arms working alternately |
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Define Walking
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– 50% phasing relationship between the
legs as well as a period of double support, followed by single support |
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Characteristics of Early Walking
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• Early walking patterns tend to maximize stability and
balance –Arms are in high guard –Feet toed out and spread apart –Independent steps are taken |
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• Strength (to support body on one leg)
• Balance |
What are the rate controllers for early
walking? |
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Describe Proficient Walking Patterns
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• Trade stability for
mobility • Stride length increases • Base of support is reduced • Pelvis is rotated • Opposition (arms to legs) occurs |
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What are the characteristics of Later Walking?
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• Maximize Stability
• Stride length decreases • Pelvic rotation decreases • Speed decreases • Objects are used for balance |
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Define running
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Running has 50% phase relationship (similar to
walking) –Running has a period of flight (unlike walking which has double support) |
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When does Early Running begin?
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6-7 months
after walking starts |
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What are the characteristics of early running?
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• Stability is lost for
mobility • “Old behaviors” return –Arms in high Guard –Limited range of motion –Short stride length –Limited rotation |
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What are the characteristics of Proficient Runners?
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• Increased stride
length • Planar movement • Narrow base of support • Trunk rotation • Opposition |
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What are the characteristics of Later Runners?
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• Patterns help increase stability and balance
• Decreases appear in –Stride length –Range of motion –Number of strides –Speed • Rate controllers are balance and strength • Exercise can allow seniors to run for years |
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What appear to be the most important
rate limiters and controllers of walking and running? |
Strength and Balance!
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Describe a jump
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Individual propels self off the ground with
one or two feet and landing on two feet |
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Describe a hop
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Individual propels self off the ground with one
foot and lands on the same foot |
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Describe a Leap
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– Individual propels self off the ground with
one foot, extends flight period and lands on opposite foot |
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Characteristics of Early Jumping
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• Children often begin simple jumping before age 2
• Individuals can perform either vertical or horizontal (standing long) jump • Early characteristics of jumping include –Only jumping vertically –One-foot takeoff or landing –No or limited preparatory movements |
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What are the characteristics of Proficient Jumping?
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• Preparatory crouch maximizes takeoff force
• Both feet leave ground at same time • Arm swing utilized during jump • For vertical jump, force is directed downward; body is extended • For horizontal jump, force is directed down and backward; knees are flexed during flight |
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Do children start hopping or jumping first?
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Jumping
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What are the characteristics of early hopping?
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–Support leg is lifted
rather than used to project body –Arms are inactive –Swing leg is held rigidly in front of body |
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What are the characteristics of Proficient Hopping?
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• Swing leg leads hip
and moves through full range of motion • Support leg extends fully at hip • Oppositional arm movement generates force • Support leg is flexed on landing |
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What do you call a symmetric gait with a step and a hop on
the same foot, with alternating feet? |
Skipping
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List asymmetric gaits consisting
of a step on one foot then a leap-step on the other foot |
Galloping and sliding
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What are the characteristics of
Early Galloping, Sliding and Skipping? |
• Arrhythmic and stiff movements
• Little or no arm movement • Little or no trunk rotation • Exaggeration of vertical lift • Short stride or step length |
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What are the characteristics of proficient galloping?
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–Individual can lead with either leg.
–Arms can be used for other purposes (e.g., clapping). As well as • Knees give on landing • Movements are rhythmic • Heel–foot or forefoot landings prevail |
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What are the characteristics of proficient skipping?
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oppositional arm swing
Knees give on landing • Movements are rhythmic • Heel–foot or forefoot landings prevail |
