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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a theory?
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an orderly integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
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why are theories important?
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they guide and give meaning to what we see, and give us a basis for action based on what we see.
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what is context?
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unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances
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what is stability?
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the idea that an individual who has a strong set of characteristics in a certain area will maintain those characteristics throught their life.
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what does the term tabula rosa mean?
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"blank slate." according to this idea, children are, to begin with, nothing at all, and all kinds of experiences can shape their characters.
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whose idea was tabula rosa?
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John locke.
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What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe?
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that we were noble savages, and were genetically endowed with a sense of right and wrong, and with the innate plan for orderly, healthy, growth. AND, he believed in maturation, which is a "genetically determined, naturally unfolding, course of growth."
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what are the names ofthe two German Philosophers?
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Tetens and Augusta
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who believed in natural selection?
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Charles Darwin
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what is the normative approach?
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measures ofbehavior are taken on large numbers of individuals
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what was Freud's psychosexual theory?
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that parents need to manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years, because it is crucial to healthy personality development
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what is the id
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the largest portion of the mind, that controls the basic biological needs and desires
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the ego
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the conscious, rational part of personality. emerges in infancy.
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Superego
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the conscience
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whose theory was the psychosocial theory?
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ERikson.
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What did freud think about his patients?
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he thought that they had psychological problems
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what is the problem with psychoanalytical theories?
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you can't test them. they are too general/vague...theories should be testable.
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Operant conditioning
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Skinner
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Albert Bandura
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Children's self-efficacy. Children imitate what they see, and based on rewards and punishments they are formed.
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What did piget believe about children?
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that they are "little scientists" and they are constantly trying to figure out their environment.
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what is a microsystem?
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people and objects in the immediate environment
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mesosystem
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what happens in one microsystem can influence others
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exosystem
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social settings that a person may not experience firsthand, but that will influences development
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macrosystem
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the broadest environmental context
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Ethnography
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studying culture or group through participant observation
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what is an independent variable?
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that thing that you manipulate or change between two case studies
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what is a dependant variable
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the variable that the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent system.
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Ethology
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the adaptive, or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
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correlational design
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researchers gather information on already-existing groups of individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior of devlopment.
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longitudinal
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studies done to a group of indiv. over a period of time, at different ages
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cross-sectional study
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study done to a group at a specific time, of all different ages.
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phenotype
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directly observable char.
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genotype
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the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique char.
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gametes
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sperm or egg...
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how many chromos does a gamete have?
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23...half as many as a regular body cell
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how are gametes formed?
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meiosis
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zygote
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when a sperm and egg unite at conception which contains 46 chromos
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what is the ratio of DNA to chromo
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one molecule of DNA inside ONE chromosome
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homozygous
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the alleles in the pair of chromosomes are the same
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heterozygous
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when the alleles in the pair of chromos differ...often one allele is dominant.
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genetic imprinting
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when a gene is chemically marked, or imprinted in such a way that one member of the pair is activated, regardless of its makeup
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Huntingtons disease
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a fatal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the NS
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Down Syndrome
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-extra 21st chromo
-usually provided by the egg - |
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passive correlation
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an environment created by the parents, based on heredity...that the child has NO CONTROL over...
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evocative correlation
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children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity, and these responses strengthen thechild's original style....example, a happy baby is likely to receive more social stimulation than a grumpy baby...
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active correlation
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as children get older, and gain more freedom, they tend to pick environments and surround themselves with environments that fit their genetic dispositions. aka--> NICHE-PICKING
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nonshared environmental influences
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influences within a family that make kids different from one another.
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