Human Growth & Development - Jean Piaget

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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

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Piaget thought that children were active participants in their own learning, rather than passive recipients of information from others.

One of the things that characterizes humans is their capacity to adapt to changes in the environment.

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According to Piaget, how do humans adapt to changes in their environment?

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Through the process of assimilation and accommodation?

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Assimilation

(Jean Piaget)

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Taking in information as it is, incorporating that new knowledge into an existing framework (called a schema).

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Accommodation

(Jean Piaget)

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Occurs when the information does not fit any existing schema or challenges an old schema. Either a new schema must be constructed or an old one modified.

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Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

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Stages (4)
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational

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Sensorimotor


(Jean Piaget)

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AGE: 0-2 yrs
Characteristics: Infants learn by using their senses (hearing, touching, tasting, seeing) and their motor skills (to manipulate, throw, bring closer, etc). Learning is largely trial & error. The infant enters the world with reflex behaviors (ex. sucking) and learns more complex sensorimotor patterns over time.

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Preoperational


(Jean Piaget)

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AGE: 2-7 yrs
CHARACTERISTICS: The child uses symbols (language) to represent the world. S/he begins to develop logic, although it differs from adult logic. The child is egocentric and unable to take the perspective of others. The child lacks conservation, or the ability to recognize that an object remains the same even if altered in presentation.

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Concrete Operational


(Jean Piaget)

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AGE: 7-12 yrs
CHARACTERISTICS: Logical reasoning develops, as long as the problem is in the here and now (concrete) rather than abstract.

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Formal Operational


(Jean Piaget)

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AGE: 12-15 yrs
CHARACTERISTICS: The adolescent improves on logical reasoning and can now solve abstract problems. Reasoning is more systematic but also more idealistic.

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Does every child go through every stage (4) of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development?

(Jean Piaget)

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Piaget believed that these stages were universal ans that every child went through the stages in this order. However, the timing of the stages was variable, with some children transitioning to the next stage at an earlier age than others.

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Name the 6 substages of Piaget's Sensorimotor Intelligence.

(Jean Piaget)

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Sensorimotor Intelligence

1. Voluntary Control
2. Primary Circular Reactions
3. Secondary Circular Reactions
4. Coordination of Schemes
5. Experimentation with Previous Schemes & Modifies Them.
6. Internalization of Schemes

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Voluntary Control

(Jean Piaget)

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(1st Substage of Sensorimotor Intelligence)

The infant begins to learn about the world using these reflexes, and the reflexes gradually come under voluntary control.

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Primary Circular Reactions

(Jean Piaget)

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(2nd Substage of Sensorimotor Intelligence)

These are activities that center on the infant's own body and create some pleasurable sensation.

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Secondary Circular Reactions

(Jean Piaget)

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(3rd Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence)

The activities can now extend outside of the infant's own body.

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Coordination of Schemes

(Jean Piaget)

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(4th Substage of Sensorimotor Intelligence)

The infant learns to coordinate several activities to achieve some goal.

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Experimentation & Modification

(Jean Piaget)

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(5th Substage of Sensorimotor Intelligence)

The infant experiments with previous schemes and modifies them.

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Internalization Of Schemes

(Jean Piaget)

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(6th -final- Substage of Sensorimotor Intelligence)

The child learns to use symbols. The initiation of the first words is the most obvious example of this.

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Object Permanence

(Jean Piaget)

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The idea that events and objects continue to exist even when they are not immediately seen, heard, or felt.

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Deferred Imitation

(Jean Piaget)

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When the infant can imitate some event that occurred at an earlier time.

Usually appears between 9 and 18 months of age.

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Name the 2 substages of Piaget's second stage of Cognitive development (Preoperational Thought)..

(Jean Piaget)

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2nd Stage of Cognitive Development=Preoperational Thought

Substages
1.Symbolic Function
2. Intuitive Thought

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Operations

(Jean Piaget)

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Collections of internalized symbols and ideas that allow a child to perform a task mentally.

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Symbolic Function

(Jean Piaget)

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(First Substage of Preoperational Thought)

Ages 2 to 4. Through language acquisition and cognitive maturation, the child begins to internalize a few symbols.

Ex. Words can stand for objects that are not physically present.
Drawings are not bound by realism.

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Name 2 limitations of early Preoperational Thought (Symbolic Function substage).

(Jean Piaget)

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1. Egocentrism
2. Animism

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Egocentrism

(Jean Piaget)

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The inability to understand the perspective of another person if it differs from one's own.

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Animism

(Jean Piaget)

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The belief that inanimate objects have life.

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Intuitive Thought

(Jean Piaget)

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(2nd Substage of Preoperational Thought)

(ages 4 to 7)
Use a primitive form of logic and are very inquisitive. (Beginning of the "Why?" Phase)

Intuitive Thought is characterized by centration, lack of conservation, and transductive reasoning.

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How is Intuitive Thought characterized?

(Jean Piaget)

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Intuitive Thought is characterized by centration, lack of conservation, and transductive reasoning.

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Centration

(Jean Piaget)

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Focusing on one characteristic of a problem, to the exclusion of others.

Characteristic of Intuitive Thought.

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Conservation

(Jean Piaget)

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The knowledge that certain attributes or situations do not change in spite of superficial rearrangements.

Young children in the Intuitive Thought substage LACK CONSERVATION.

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Transductive Reasoning

(Jean Piaget)

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Reasoning from one particular fact to another.

Characteristic of Intuitive Thought.

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How Moral Reasoning develops according to Piaget. (Name the 2 stages)

(Jean Piaget)

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Stages of moral reasoning development.

1. Heteronomous Morality Stage
2. Autonomous Morality Stage

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Heteronomous Morality Stage

(Jean Piaget)

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(1st Stage of moral reasoning development)

(ages 4-10)
They consider rules as fixed and final and focus in the consequences of their action rather than intentions. They believe in immanent justice, the idea that if they do something wrong, they will eventually be punished for it.

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Autonomous Morality Stage

(Jean Piaget)

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(2nd Stage of moral reasoning development)

(ages 10-above)
They recognize that rules can be broken or changed and that a person's intentions are important.

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Name the characteristics of the Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development.

(Jean Piaget)

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1. Can perform operations to solve problems as long as they are in the here & now or physically present.
2. Cannot yet understand abstract operations, but has achieved number concepts, such as reversibility.
3. Can focus on more than one aspect of a problem at once.
4. Learning classification schemes such as family classifications.
5. Concrete logic (similar to adults, but concrete).
6. Child achieves conservation
(Early concrete=2 balls of clay)
(Late concrete=conservation of liquid)

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Hypothetical-deductive Reasoning

(Jean Piaget)

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Refers to the adolescent's ability to form a guess (hypothesis) about the best solution to a problem and then systematically test its accuracy. Much more efficient than the trial-and-error learning of the younger child.

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According to Piaget, when do people reach their peak cognitive development?

(Jean Piaget)

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Piaget believed that adolescents had reached their peak cognitive development; however, most current research shows continued growth in cognitive functions well into adulthood.

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Post-Formal Thought

(Jean Piaget)

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Because Piaget believed that adolescents had reached their peak cognitive development; some developmentalists have labeled the changes in adult thinking as Post-Formal Thought.