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20 Cards in this Set

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More slender, proportionate
Average 3-year-old: 30 lbs, 37” tall
body growth
Over 10% 2-5-year-olds overweight
Heredity risk factor, environment most to blame
Malnutrition: 1 in 5 US children; has lasting cognitive & psychological effects (academic, social)
Nutrition
Bedtime can create separation anxiety
Disturbances common (sleep terrors, walking)
Bedwetting (enuresis): 7% boys, 3% girls; usually harmless
sleep
Accidental injury leading cause of death
Poor children most likely to be injured, exposed to smoking, pollution, lead
health and safety
Preoperational stage: Age 2-7
Advances:
Symbolic function: Can attach meaning to symbols (words, numbers, pictures)
Remember objects without prompting
Pretend play & deferred imitation
Cognitive Development: Piaget
Objects in space: Can use simple maps to find objects; directions
Causality: Better understanding, absolute
Identities: People/things same, even if they change appearance (haircut, e.g.)
Advances of Preoperational thought
Categorization: Can identify similarities & differences to group items
Numbers: Understand counting, ordinality (small vs. big; more vs. less)

Piaget: Children engage in animism (non-living objects are alive); recent research disputes
Advances of Preoperational thought
Centration: Can focus on only 1 aspect of a situation, neglecting others
Cannot decenter (consider several aspects of a situation simultaneously)
Egocentrism: Cannot yet see another’s point of view
Conservation: Idea that 2 things that are equal remain so if appearance is different
Immaturity of preoperational thought
Awareness of mental processes, and the mental processes of others
Knowledge about thinking: Happens in the mind, begin to understand what others may be thinking (social cognition)
False Beliefs: Can’t yet understand that own beliefs may be false

Deception: Ability reflects cognitive development! Natural inclination to tell the truth
Appearance vs. Reality: What seems to be vs. what really is
Fantasy vs. Reality: Understand what is “pretend” by 3
Theory of mind
Deception: Ability reflects cognitive development! Natural inclination to tell the truth
Appearance vs. Reality: What seems to be vs. what really is
Fantasy vs. Reality: Understand what is “pretend” by 3
Theory of mind
Filing system” with 3 steps:
Encoding: Brain attaches label to info to be stored so it can be easily retrieved later
Storage: Info “filed away”
Retrieval: When needed, info retrieved & used
Memory
Sensory: “Holding tank” for incoming stimuli; fades quickly
Working/short term: Info one is actively thinking about or trying to remember
Long-term: Holds info for long period of time; “central executive” function disseminates info from short-term to long-term (age 10)
types of memory
Recognition: Identifying something encountered before
Recall: Ability to reproduce knowledge from memory
All ages better at recognition than recall; children can’t yet use strategies to remember
Retrieval
Generic memory: Script of a familiar, repeated event
Episodic memory: Awareness of having experienced a particular incident; usually last only a few weeks
Forming memories
Forms a person’s life history; long lasting
Usually have personal meaning
Usually develops at 3-4 (acquire sense of self)
Better remembered when children discuss them; parent reactions become part of how events are remembered
Autobiographical memory
Measures: Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Scales
Measures verbal & non-verbal reasoning, performance (block building, mazes, number understanding, vocabulary)
Score = Performance compared to other children of same age
intelligence
Understand up to 20,000 words by age 6
Fast mapping: Learn approximate meanings of words from hearing them in conversation
Use simple sentences, pronouns, adjectives by 3
By 4, string together thoughts & sentences (“and then…”)
Speech more adult like by 5
Language development
By 5, can adapt speech to listener
Private speech: Talking to oneself
Common; use 1st to practice language, then to guide through actions or express emotions
Language
Causes: Cognitive limitations, ear infections, heredity
Most “catch up,” others require speech & language therapy
Language Delays
64% 3-5 year olds in preschool
Child/play centered preschool BETTER for development than academically directed
Higher SES = Better school readiness
Most important for kindergarten success: Emotional & social adjustment, following directions, getting along w/others
Early Childhood Education