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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
More slender, proportionate
Average 3-year-old: 30 lbs, 37” tall |
body growth
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Over 10% 2-5-year-olds overweight
Heredity risk factor, environment most to blame Malnutrition: 1 in 5 US children; has lasting cognitive & psychological effects (academic, social) |
Nutrition
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Bedtime can create separation anxiety
Disturbances common (sleep terrors, walking) Bedwetting (enuresis): 7% boys, 3% girls; usually harmless |
sleep
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Accidental injury leading cause of death
Poor children most likely to be injured, exposed to smoking, pollution, lead |
health and safety
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Preoperational stage: Age 2-7
Advances: Symbolic function: Can attach meaning to symbols (words, numbers, pictures) Remember objects without prompting Pretend play & deferred imitation |
Cognitive Development: Piaget
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Objects in space: Can use simple maps to find objects; directions
Causality: Better understanding, absolute Identities: People/things same, even if they change appearance (haircut, e.g.) |
Advances of Preoperational thought
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Categorization: Can identify similarities & differences to group items
Numbers: Understand counting, ordinality (small vs. big; more vs. less) Piaget: Children engage in animism (non-living objects are alive); recent research disputes |
Advances of Preoperational thought
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Centration: Can focus on only 1 aspect of a situation, neglecting others
Cannot decenter (consider several aspects of a situation simultaneously) Egocentrism: Cannot yet see another’s point of view Conservation: Idea that 2 things that are equal remain so if appearance is different |
Immaturity of preoperational thought
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Awareness of mental processes, and the mental processes of others
Knowledge about thinking: Happens in the mind, begin to understand what others may be thinking (social cognition) False Beliefs: Can’t yet understand that own beliefs may be false Deception: Ability reflects cognitive development! Natural inclination to tell the truth Appearance vs. Reality: What seems to be vs. what really is Fantasy vs. Reality: Understand what is “pretend” by 3 |
Theory of mind
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Deception: Ability reflects cognitive development! Natural inclination to tell the truth
Appearance vs. Reality: What seems to be vs. what really is Fantasy vs. Reality: Understand what is “pretend” by 3 |
Theory of mind
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Filing system” with 3 steps:
Encoding: Brain attaches label to info to be stored so it can be easily retrieved later Storage: Info “filed away” Retrieval: When needed, info retrieved & used |
Memory
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Sensory: “Holding tank” for incoming stimuli; fades quickly
Working/short term: Info one is actively thinking about or trying to remember Long-term: Holds info for long period of time; “central executive” function disseminates info from short-term to long-term (age 10) |
types of memory
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Recognition: Identifying something encountered before
Recall: Ability to reproduce knowledge from memory All ages better at recognition than recall; children can’t yet use strategies to remember |
Retrieval
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Generic memory: Script of a familiar, repeated event
Episodic memory: Awareness of having experienced a particular incident; usually last only a few weeks |
Forming memories
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Forms a person’s life history; long lasting
Usually have personal meaning Usually develops at 3-4 (acquire sense of self) Better remembered when children discuss them; parent reactions become part of how events are remembered |
Autobiographical memory
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Measures: Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Scales
Measures verbal & non-verbal reasoning, performance (block building, mazes, number understanding, vocabulary) Score = Performance compared to other children of same age |
intelligence
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Understand up to 20,000 words by age 6
Fast mapping: Learn approximate meanings of words from hearing them in conversation Use simple sentences, pronouns, adjectives by 3 By 4, string together thoughts & sentences (“and then…”) Speech more adult like by 5 |
Language development
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By 5, can adapt speech to listener
Private speech: Talking to oneself Common; use 1st to practice language, then to guide through actions or express emotions |
Language
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Causes: Cognitive limitations, ear infections, heredity
Most “catch up,” others require speech & language therapy |
Language Delays
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64% 3-5 year olds in preschool
Child/play centered preschool BETTER for development than academically directed Higher SES = Better school readiness Most important for kindergarten success: Emotional & social adjustment, following directions, getting along w/others |
Early Childhood Education
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