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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True/False:
The pattern of physiologic growth is the same for all people. |
True
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True/False:
The onset and duration of different stages of growth are the same for all people. |
False- the "onset" and "duration" differs from person and person
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Almost all growth is done by what age?
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20
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The pace of growth varies at different stages. This is described as what?
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asynchronous
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What are 5 indicators of growth?
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- height
- weight - bone size - dentition - sexual characteristics |
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(def)
an increase in complexity of function and skill progression |
development
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Development is the _________ aspect of growth (ex. developing the ability to walk, talk, and run).
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behavioral
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Growth and development are continuous, orderly, and sequential processes influenced by what 3 factors?
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- maturational factors
- environmental factors - genetic factors |
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The sequence of each stage of growth and development are predictable. What is variable though?
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- the time of onset, length and effects of each stage
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What pattern of growth is particularly obvious at birth when an infant's head is disproportionately large?
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cephalocaudal direction of growth
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An infant learning to roll over before grasping an object with the thumb and second finger is an example of which principal of growth and development?
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Growth/development occurring proximal to distal
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True/False:
Growth/development proceeds from simple to complex, or single acts to integrated acts. |
True
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Stages of growth and development are thought of as having what 5 major components?
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1. physiologic
2. cognitive 3. psychosocial 4. moral 5. spiritual |
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Robert Havighurst believed what was basic to live?
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learning
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Robert Havighurst developed a concept referred to as what?
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Developmental Task theory
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Why is the developmental task theory limited in its usefulness?
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b/c of the broad categories limit the nurse when assessing specific accomplishments, and the definition of success varies cross-culturally.
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What are the 7 tasks listed in the Middle Age developmental phase of Havighurst's developmental tasks?
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1. achieving adult civic and social responsibility
2. establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living 3. assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults 4. developing adult leisure-time activities 5. relating oneself to one's spouse as a person 6. accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes of middle age 7. adjusting to aging parents |
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How did Erik Erikson adapt and expand Freud's theory of development?
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He included the entire life span
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Erikson's theory proposes that life is a sequence of what?
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developmental stages (levels of achievement)
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True/False:
Erikson stated that failure to complete a developmental stage impaired the person's ability to move onto the next phase. |
True
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
Birth to 18 months "Infancy" |
Trust vs. Mistrust
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
18 months to 3 years "Early Childhood" |
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
3-5 years "Late Childhood" |
initiative vs. guilt
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
6-12 years "School Age" |
industry vs. inferiority
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
12-20 years "Adolescence" |
identity vs. role confusion
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
18-25 years "Young adulthood" |
intimacy vs. isolation
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
25-65 years "Adulthood" |
Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Which stage of development (Erikson's theory):
65 years to death "Maturity" |
Integrity vs. despair
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What are 3 indicators of a positive resolution of Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation stage of development?
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- creativity
- productivity - concern for others |
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What are 3 indicators of a negative resolution of Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation stage of development?
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- self-indulgence
- self-concern - lack of interest and commitments |
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What is Generativity as defined by Erikson?
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the willingness to establish and guide the next generation and care for others
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What is Stagnation as defined by Erikson?
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preoccupation with one's self and self-indulgence
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What are Maslow's 5 levels of needs in ascending order (from most to least importance)?
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1. Physiologic Needs
2. Safety and Security needs 3. Love and belonging needs 4. Self-esteem needs 5. Self-actualization |
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What are examples of Physiological needs according to Maslow? Where do these rank on the hierarchy?
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- air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity and temperature maintenance
**These are ranked 1st in importance** |
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What are examples of Safety and Security needs according to Maslow? Where do these rank on the hierarchy?
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- the need to feel safe physically and psychologically
- safe in the environment and in relationships **These are ranked 2nd in importance** |
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What are examples of love and belonging needs according to Maslow? Where do these rank in the hierarchy?
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- giving and receiving affection
- attaining a place in a group - maintaining a feeling of belonging **These are ranked 3rd in importance** |
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What are examples of Self-esteem needs according to Maslow? Where do these rank in the hierarchy?
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- feelings of independence, competence, self-respect, acceptance, recognition and appreciation
**These are ranked 4th in importance** |
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What is self-actualization according to Maslow? Where does this rank on the hierarchy?
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- if the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual may develop maximum potential and realize one's abilities and qualities
**this ranks 5th on the hierarchy, or the least important of needs** |
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Adulthood is divided into what 3 phases?
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Young adults (20-40)
Middle-aged adults (40-65) Elderly (over 65) |
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What are "boomerang kids"?
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Young adults that have moved out of the home and lived independently, however return to the home for various reason (finances, school, divorce, etc.)
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For the young adult (20-40) the primary psychosocial development is what?
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the establishment of a relationship with another person and commitment to something
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(def)
the state of maximal function and integration, or the state of being-fully developed |
maturity
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Physical changes that occur in middle age are more relevant in what culture?
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Western Culture, which values a youthful appearance
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A person's reaction to the changes seen in middle age is largely dependent on what?
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their self-concept
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What are 4 changes seen in the integument in middle age?
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- decreased skin turgor
- less elasticity - wrinkling - sagging |
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What are 3 changes seen in the hair in middle age?
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- thinning
- graying - slower growth |
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True/False:
There is an increase in taste sensation with middle age. |
False- there is a decrease
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What dental problem might be seen with middle age?
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periodontal disease
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What change can be seen in the abdomen with middle age?
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decrease in strength of abdominal muscles
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What changes in the musculoskeletal system can be seen in middle age? (3)
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- decreased ROM
- decreased muscle mass - increased recovery time after exertion |
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What type of women might have a more difficult time dealing with the physical changes of middle age? What about men?
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Attractive women and athletic men
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True/False:
There is a double standard when it comes to aging; men are described in more flattering terms than women |
true
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In middle age, there is a decrease in height known as "settling". Women drop about how many inches? What about men?
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2 inches for women
1 inch for men |
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True/False:
Body fat/weight ratio increases with age. |
true
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Between the age of 20 and 60, there is a loss of about _____% of muscle strength.
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10%
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There is a loss of visual acuity with aging. What vision ability is normal for age 20? 50? 80?
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20- 20/20
50- 20/25 80- 20/45 |
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(def)
loss of near vision; far-sightedness |
presbyopia
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Presbyopia typically occurs around what age?
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40-45
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(def)
increased pressure in the eyeball eventual leading to tunnel vision |
glaucoma
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What 3 changes can be seen in the eyes with middle age?
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- thicker optic lens
- decreased peripheral vision - decreased ability to focus |
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(def)
loss of ability to hear high frequency sounds |
presbycusis
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Do men or women show a greater loss of hearing? When does this begin?
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Men, around 55
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Why are men more likely to have hearing loss?
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b/c of environmental factors, such as working in highly noisy places
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What are 2 changes in the ears related to middle age?
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1. acuity decline
2. capillary thickening |
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True/False:
Frequency and enthusiasm in sexual intercourse decreases with middle age. |
False- frequency declines but enthusiasm increases
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What are 2 changes sexually seen in men with middle age?
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1. longer time needed to gain an erection
2. smaller volume of ejaculation |
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What are 2 physical sexual changes seen in women with middle age?
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- thinning of vaginal walls
- vaginal entrance may be compressed |
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What is the female climacteric? What is the most notable sign of this stage in a woman's life?
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the transition from the ability to have children to being unable to do so; marked by menopause and a reduction of the production of estrogen and progesterone
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What are 5 signs/symptoms of menopause?
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- hot flashes
- headaches - dizziness - joint aches - heart irregularities |
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What are 5 changes women face regarding reproduction during middle age?
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1. changes in cycle
2. change in cervical mucosa 3. peak in sexuality 4. menopause 5. dyspareunia (painful intercourse) |
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True/False:
Women in lower social-economic statuses report a lower incidence of symptoms related to menopause. |
False- they report a higher incidence, possibly related to more traditional roles
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Men have a reduction in testosterone production as they age, however they are still able to have children up until what age?
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often into their 80's
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What is the most typical symptom of the male climacteric? What age does this begin?
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prostate enlargement - begins around age 40 and effects 50%+ of men by 80
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True/False:
Middle age is typically a healthy period |
True
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Are men or women more likely to have sever, chronic, life-threatening illnesses (cancer, heart attacks, hypertension)?
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men
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Who has a higher incidence of short-term, non-threatening illness (men or women)?
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women
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Which personality type?
competitive, impatient, easily frustrated, high levels of hostility |
Type A
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Which personality type?
non-competitive, patient, low levels of aggression, low hostility |
Type B
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There is a significant relationship between type A personality and what health problem?
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heart disease
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True/false:
Attitude has an effect on a person's immune system. |
True- research on AIDS patients reflects this statement; many cancer survivors are described as having a "fighting" spirit, optimism, and close family ties
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(def)
a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite |
midlife crisis
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What is empty nest syndrome? Are men or women more affected by this?
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- a parent's feeling of unhappiness, worry, and depression brought about by their children leaving home
- women more likely to be affected |
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True/False:
Empty nest syndrome is typically a short-term, temporary phenomenon. |
True
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What are 3 benefits of empty nests?
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- spouses have more time for each other
- fewer distractions from spouses own interests - sexuality improves |
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Are men or women more likely to face limitations when they move back home with their parents as young adults?
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Women are more likely to have limitations placed on them (although men are statistically more likely to move back home)
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Are moms or dads more likely to approve of adult children returning home?
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mothers
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What is the sandwich generation?
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- couples or individuals in middle adulthood who must care for both their children and aging parents
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What is job burnout?
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- situation that occurs when highly trained professionals experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from their jobs
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Job burnout most often occurs in what types of jobs?
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human service type jobs
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Job burnout is most likely to occur in what type of person?
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- one who has idealism and high work incentive
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Job burnout leads to what?
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- cynicism
- indifference - lack of concern with quality of work |
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What are 5 methods of preventing job burnout?
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- realistic job appraisal
- job structure that includes at least some exposure to "The Big Picture" - Peer and supervisor support - appropriate levels of time off, continuing eduction, and alternative assignments - ability to experience small victories |
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True/False:
Unemployment in middle age has a greater impact than at other times |
True
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What psychological problems are seen with unemployment and middle age? (4)
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- self-image and self-esteem issues
- insomnia - depression - suicide |
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What is the most common form of leisure for middle aged adults?
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TV
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In middle age, physical exams should be done how often?
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annually
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In middle age, pap screenings should be done how often?
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annually
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In middle age, mammograms should be done how often?
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annually
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In middle age, proctosigmoidoscopic and colonoscopic exams should be done how often?
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every 3-5 years
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In middle age, how often should a digital exam of the rectum with stool guaic testing be done?
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annually
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What are 3 major ideas that should be relayed to the middle aged client?
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- plan for anticipated changes in life
- recognize risk factors related to health - focus on strengths rather than weaknesses |
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What is the most common cause of accidental death in the middle aged adult?
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motor vehicle crashes
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What are 2 changes that occur in middle age that can be attributed to accidental injuries?
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- decreased reaction time
- decreased visual acuity |
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What is the second leading cause of death among those between 25-64?
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cancer
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What is the leading cause of death for the middle-aged adult in the US?
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Coronary heart disease
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