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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are remittances?
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money that migrants send home to their family is called remittances. The goal of most undocumented migrants is to work in the United States and send money home to their family. This money that they send home to their family is called remittances.
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What is cyclic movement?
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involves shorter periods away from home. Cyclic movement involves journeys that begin at our home base and bring us back to it. Commuting, seasonal movement, and nomadism are examples of cyclic movements.
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What is an example of cyclic movement?
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commuting is an example of a cyclic movement. Commuting, the journey from home to work and home again, takes from minutes to hours and can involve several modes of transportation. Seasonal movement is an example of cyclic movement. Every autumn, people travel from their homes in areas that will soon be experiencing winter, to Florida and other "Sunbelt" states, until returning home in the spring. Another type of cyclic movement is nomadism.
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What are activity spaces?
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regular sequences of short moves within a local area
The great majority of people have a daily routine that takes them through a regular sequence of short moves within a local area. These moves create what geographers call activity spaces. The scale of activity space varies across societies. You may go to classes every weekday and perhaps to a job as well, creating a relatively confined and stable activity space, diversified by shopping trips and social activities. Advances in transportation technology have expanded daily activity spaces. |
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What is nomadism?
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A type of cyclic movement that is a matter of survival, culture, and tradition
While this type of movement is dwindling across the world, it can be found in parts of Asia and Africa Nomads need to know their territory well in order to find water, food, and shelter in their cyclic movements. Nomadic movement is purposeful and takes place along longfamiliar routes repeated time and again. |
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What is periodic movement?
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movement that involves longer periods away from home (residential relocation) but still involves returning home.
Although you may retain a home address in your place of origin, you now spend the great majority of your time in your new abode (traveling home only for breaks), and your mobility cannot be categorized as cyclic |
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What are two examples of periodic movement?
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migrant labor, Transhumance, going away to college, and Military services are examples of periodic movement.
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What is transhumance?
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A specialized form of periodic movement that is a system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures
This is a periodic form of movement because, unlike classic nomadism, it involves a long period of residential relocation. |
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What is migration?
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When movement results in permanent relocation across significant distances
Involves a degree of permanence that cyclic and periodic movement do not. The mover may never return "home". The process of migration involves the longterm relocation of an individual, a household, or larger group to a new locale outside the community of origin. |
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International Migration
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International migration is movement across country borders, also called transnational migration. When a migrant leaves the home country, he or she is classified as an emigrant (one who migrates out) of the home country. When the same migrant enters a new country, he or she is classified as an immigrant (one who migrates in) of the new country. Emigration subtracts from the total population of a country, and immigration adds to the total population of a country. International migrants also migrate internally within their destination country.
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Internal Migration
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Internal migration is migration that occurs within a single country’s borders. Mapping internal migration routes reveals patterns of welldefined streams of migrants that change over time.
Internal migration varies according to the mobility of the population. In mobile societies, internal migration over long distances is common. |
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Emigration/Emigrant
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one who migrates out of the home country
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Immigration/Immigrant
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one who migrates into the new country
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Provide two (2) examples of internal migration in the U.S.
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early in the twentieth century, a major migration stream took tens of thousands of African American families from the South of the US to the industrializing cities of the Northeast and Midwest. The advent and diffusion of mechanical cotton pickers resulted in fewer employment opportunities in the South. Southern states, where slavery was legal before the Civil War, enacted Jim Crow laws separating blacks and whites in schools, hospitals, public spaces, public transportation, and even cemeteries. It is estimated that 5 million to 8 million African Americans migrated from the South to industrialized Northern cities between 1900 and 1970. Newly emancipated African Americans fled the segregated South and headed north to the growing industrial cities of Chicago, Detroit, and Baltimore.
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What is forced migration?
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the result of an involuntary action, a forced movement chosen by one group of people for another group of people
Involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice Forced migration still occurs today in the form of countermigration, in which gov’ts detain migrants who enter or attempt to enter their countries illegally and return the migrants to their home countries. |
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What was the largest forced migration in human history?
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atlantic slave trade was the largest and most devastating forced migration in the history of humanity
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What is voluntary migration?
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occurs after a migrant weighs options and choices, even if desperately or not so rationally, and can be analyzed and understood as a series of options or choices that result in movement.
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What are the five (5) laws of migration?
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1. Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration.
2. The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose bigcity destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make int’l moves than young adults. |
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What are push factors for migration?
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the conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place
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What are three (3) examples of push factors for migration?
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push factors include individual considerations such as work or retirement conditions, cost of living, personal safety and security, and, for many, environmental catastrophes or even issues like weather and climate.
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What are pull factors for migration?
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the circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places, the decision of where to go
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What are three (3) examples of pull factors for migration?
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pull factors tend to be vaguer and may depend solely on perceptions construed from things heard and read rather than on experiences in the destination place. Often, migrants move on the basis of excessively positive images and expectations regarding their destinations.
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Describe the concept of distance decay.
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prospective migrants are likely to have more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones
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Do people choose to migrate based on one factor or a combination of factors?
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A migrant’s decision to emigrate from the home country and migrate to a new country results from a combination of push and pull factors, and these factors play out differently depending on the circumstances and scale of the migration.
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Explain the types of push and pull factors that may propel someone to move.
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research has shown that typically a combination of factors, not just one, leads to deciding it is time to move and deciding where to go. Any single factor can be either a push for the migrant to leave the home country or a pull to the new country, and which factor matters most depends on the migrant and the circumstances surrounding the decision to migrate.
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Legal status: Migrants can arrive in a country with or without consent of the host country.
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economic conditions: Poverty has driven countless millions from their homelands.
Power relationships: Power relationships already embedded in society enable the flow of migrants around the world. Political circumstances: Politically driven migration flows are marked by both escape and expulsion. Armed conflict and civil war Environmental conditions Culture and traditions Technological advances |
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Legal Status (Push/Pull Factors)
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migrants can arrive in a country with or without consent of the host country.
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Economic Conditions (Push/Pull Factors)
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poverty has driven countless millions from their homelands.
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Power Relationships (Push/Pull Factors)
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lower relationships already embedded in society enable the flow of migrants around the world.
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Political Circumstances (Push/Pull Factors)
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politically driven migration flows are marked by both escape and expulsion.
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Armed Conflict and Civil War (Push/Pull Factors)
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Environmental Conditions (Push/Pull Factors)
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Culture and Traditions (Push/Pull Factors)
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Technological Advances (Push/Pull Factors)
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What are kinship links?
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advances in communication technology strengthens their role of push/pull factors.
When deciding where to go, a migrant is often pulled to places where friends and family have already found success |
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What are chain migrations?
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flows along and through kinship links.
When a migrant reassures family and friends that a new community has been formed, a place where they can feel at home, this encourages further migration along the same chain Chains of migration built upon each other create immigration waves or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination. |
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Global Migration Flows
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Regional Migration Flows
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Islands of Development
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National Migration Flows
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Russification
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Guest Workers
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Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
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What is a refugee?
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internally displaced persons are people who have been displaced within their own countries, but they do not cross international borders as they flee.
“A person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.” |
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What is asylum?
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the right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives
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What is repatriation?
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A process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside.
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Briefly describe the major regions of dislocation around the world.
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regions of Dislocation: North Africa and Southwest Asia
This geographic region, extending from Morocco in the west to Afghanistan in the east, contains some of the world’s longestlasting and most deeply entrenched conflicts that generate refugees. Regions of Dislocation: Africa 2 million refugees are accounted for by international relief agencies, but also millions more are internally displaced persons. Regions of Dislocation: South Asia Is the thirdranking geographic realm, mainly because of Pakistan’s role in accommodating Afghanistan’s refugees. Regions of Dislocation: Southeast Asia A reminder that refugee problems can change quickly Example: Indochina’s refugee crisis Regions of Dislocation: Europe |
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Regions of Dislocation: Other Regions
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How do governments affect migration?
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they exercise control over immigration
Physical structures have been created to set boundaries between countries Oriental Exclusion Acts (18821907): U.S. Congress designed immigration laws to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California In 1901, the Australian gov’t approved the Immigration Restriction Act, which ended all nonwhite immigration into the newly united country |
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Legal Restrictions of Migration
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Describe the waves of migration into the U.S.
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the US experienced 2 major waves of immigration before 1930 and is in the midst of another great wave of immigration today.
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What are Immigration Waves?
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Discuss the major immigration laws in the U.S?
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Oriental Exclusion Acts (18821907): U.S. Congress designed immigration laws to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California
Immigration quotas in 1921 National Origins Law in 1929 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Immigration Act of 1990 |
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Immigration Laws
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Immigration Quotas
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What is selective immigration? Provide three (3) examples.
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in which individuals of certain backgrounds are barred from entering
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How have U.S. government immigration policies changed since September 11, 2001?
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new gov’t policies affect asylumseekers, illegal immigrants, and legal immigrants
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Describe Belgium’s language map.
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elgium’s language map shows a neat line dividing Flemish speakers in the northern region of Flanders from French speakers in the southern region of Wallonia.
The social issues of Belgium explain the language map. During the 19th century, French speakers controlled the industrial economy and government of the country. The Frenchspeaking elite in Brussels and other Flemish cities began a process of “Frenchification.” They promoted French and used it when interacting with their counterparts in other countries. By the 20th century, a majority of the people in Brussels spoke French, although people in the areas surrounding Brussels continued to speak Flemish. The leaders of the Flemish movement initially sought linguistic rights, specifically the right of Flemish speakers to use their language in public affairs, court proceedings, and schools. By the 1960s, the country divided into Flemishspeaking Flanders in the north and Frenchspeaking Wallonia in the south. The government recognizes Brussels as a distinct region, a bilingual capital, but places strict limits on the use of French in the rest of northern Belgium. The example of Belgium gives us a multitude of insights into language. Language questions are often politicized. Language frequently is tied to other identity issues such as socioeconomic status. |
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Flemish movement sought linguistic rights
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By the 1960s, country divided in 2 language regions
After 1960s, northern Belgium more powerful economically Political parties don’t operate on national scale |
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Specifically, what languages do they speak in Flanders and Wallonia?
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In Flanders, they speak Flemish
In Wallonia, they speak French |
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What language is spoken in Brussels?
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The majority of the people in Brussels speak French, although people in the areas surrounding Brussels continue to speak Flemish.
Brussels is a distinct region, a bilingual capital. The bilingual capital of Brussels is located in the Flemish speaking north (Flanders), for an estimated 85% of locals, French is the mother tongue. |
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Discuss the efforts of the French government to preserve the French language.
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he French government has worked diligently, even aggressively, to protect the French language, dating back to 1635 and the creation of the Académie Française, an institution charged with standardizing and protecting the French language.
Since the 1970s, diffusion of globalized terms into France has posed an enormous challenge for the Académie Française. With the support of many French people, the French government passed a law in 1975 banning the use of foreign words in advertisements, television, and radio broadcasts, and official documents, unless no French equivalent could be found. In 1992, France amended its constitution to make French the official language. In 1994, the French government passed another law to stop the use of foreign (mainly English) words in France, with a hefty fine imposed for violators. The law mandates French translations for globalized words, requiring the use of official French terms in official communications rather than le meeting, le weekend, le drugstore, or le hamburger. The Internet, where 49.9 percent of Internet users browse in English or Chinese, has posed another set of challenges for the Académie Française. Many of the translations the Académie requires are somewhat cumbersome. In addition to demonstrating the conflicting forces of globalized language and local or national language, the example of France reveals that language is much more than a way of communicating. |
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Académie Française
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In institution charged with standardizing and protecting the French language
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What is language?
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A set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication
An integral part of culture |
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Why is language the cornerstone of culture?
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Language reflects where a culture has been and what it values.
Language makes people in a culture visible to each other and to the world. Language is so closely tied to culture that people use language as a weapon in cultural conflict and political strife. |
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What is mutual intelligibility? Provide two (2) examples.
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Two people can understand each other when speaking
Is almost impossible to measure. Some languages are separate but are mutually intelligible. |
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The argument goes that if two of us are speaking two different languages, say Spanish and Portuguese, we will not be able to understand each other, but if we are speaking two dialects of one language, we will achieve mutual understanding.
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Other languages that are recognized as separate but are mutually intelligible in many (or nearly all) aspects are Serbian and Croatian, Hindi and Urdu, Spanish and Portuguese, and Navajo and Apache.
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How many languages are there in the world?
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5,000-7,000 languages in the world
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Do linguists and linguistic geographers agree to the number of languages there are in the world?
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How many languages are spoken in India?
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over 600 languages are spoken in India
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How many languages are spoken in Africa?
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over 2,000 languages are spoken in Africa
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What is a standard language? Provide two (2) examples.
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A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught
In some countries, the government sustains the standard language through official state examinations for teachers and civil servants. Ireland promotes the use of the Irish (Celtic) language by requiring all government employees to pass an Irishlanguage examination before they can be hired. |
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Dialects
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Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
Differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace of speech mark a speaker’s dialect |
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Dialect chains
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Distributed across space
Dialects frequently marked by actual differences in vocabulary |
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Isogloss
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Geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
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Describe how languages are classified.
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At a global scale, languages are classified into language families.
Within a single language family, the languages have shared but fairly distant origins. The language families are broken into subfamilies (divisions within a language family), where the commonalities are more definite and their origin is more recent. Subfamilies consist of individual languages, whose spatial extent is smaller, and every individual language has its dialects, whose territorial extent is smaller still |
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Do linguists and linguistic geographers agree on how languages are classified?
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Although language families and subfamilies seem to be a logical way to classify languages, the classification of languages is subject to intense debate. Defining a language family is a daunting challenge: some linguists argue that there are not just a few, but many dozens of language families.
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What is the largest language family? Where is it spoken?
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The IndoEuropean language family has the widest distribution and claims the largest number of speakers. IndoEuropean languages spread from a western source in all directions into Eurasia, but colonialism also transplanted IndoEuropean languages to the Americas, Africa, and Australia.
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What is a sound shift? Provide an example.
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A slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin.
For example, Italian, Spanish, and French are all members of the Romance language subfamily of the IndoEuropean language family. |
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Proto-Indo-European Language
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The first major linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral IndoEuropean language
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Romance languages
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French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, and Portuguese
Have much in common because of their Latin connection, but are not mutually comprehensible |
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Germanic languages
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English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) reflect the expansion of peoples out of northern Europe west and south.
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Slavic languages
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Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, SerboCroatian, & Bulgarian) developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in presentday Ukraine about 2,000 years ago.
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Is there a high correlation between the languages spoken in Europe and the political organization of space? Are there any exceptions? Explain.
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A comparison of Europe’s linguistic and political maps shows a high correlation between the languages spoken and the political organization of space.
A few important exceptions: French speakers in Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy; German speakers in Hungary; plus others The Basque language of Euskera covers a very small land area and is in no way related to any other language family in Europe. |
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Discuss SubSaharan Africa’s linguistic diversity, specifically Nigeria’s.
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NigerCongo (Bantu) language family dominates.
Oldest Subsaharan languages are the Khoisan languages, which include a “click” sound. Nigeria’s 141 million people speak more than 500 different languages. The 3 most prominent languages: Hausa in the north; 35 million people Yoruba in the southwest; 25 million people Ibo in the southeast; over 25 million people When Nigeria gained independence in 1962, it adopted English as the “official” language, b/c the 3 major languages are too politically charged and thus unsuitable as nat’l languages. |
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Briefly describe the ways languages have diffused across space.
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By 2,000 years ago, languages such as Chinese and Latin had successfully diffused over large regions.
In the late Middle Ages, the invention of the Gutenberg printing press and the rise of nationstates worked to spread literacy and stabilize certain languages Globalization is shrinking the world’s linguistic heritage. |
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Lingua franca
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A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce.
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Pidgin language
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When people speaking two or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary.
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Creole language
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A pidgin language with a more complex structure and vocabulary that has become the native language of a group of people.
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Monolingual states
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Countries where almost everyone speaks the same language.
Ex.: Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Lesotho |
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Multilingual States
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Countries in which more than one language is in use
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What is an official language? Why is it important for many states to have one?
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Countries with linguistic fragmentation often adopt an official language (or languages) to tie the people together.
The official languages in a country are a reflection of the country’s history. |
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How do religions diffuse?
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Expansion diffusion, including contagious and hierarchical diffusion
Relocation diffusion Migration, missionary efforts, conquest Religion is seen in material culture |
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How can we define religion?
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Religion is “A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.”
Religions set standards for how people “should” behave. |
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How does religion manifest itself?
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Religions manifests itself in many ways:
Worship Prayer |
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What are Blue Laws?
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A type of law designed to restrict or ban some or all shopping for the observance of a day of worship or rest
Often Sundays in the West Islamic countries may ban on Fridays In Israel on Saturday Sabbath |
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What is secularism?
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Secularism is the indifference to or rejection of religion.
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Where are most secular countries located today?
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What is monotheism?
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Single god
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Polytheism?
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Many gods
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Animism?
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Inanimate objects possess spirits
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What is religious syncretism?
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when people who are nominally Christian or Muslim continue to practice elements of a traditional religion as well
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Universalizing religions:
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actively seek converts
Believe that they offer universal appropriateness and appeal Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Baha’i faith |
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Ethnic religions:
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adherents are born into the faith
Do not actively seek converts Spatially located, Judaism the exception |
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Where do most Hindus live today?
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Is Hinduism a monotheistic religion or a polytheistic religion? Explain.
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polytheistic because of presence of many gods but Hindus define it as monotheistic
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Is Hinduism centrally organized? Explain.
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the Hindu religion is not centrally organized. The religion does not have an administrative or bureaucratic structure like Christianity and Islam. The Hindu religion does not have a prophet or a single book of scriptures. Hinduism is a conglomeration of beliefs characterized by a great diversity of institutional forms and practices.
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Is Hinduism currently an ethnic religion?
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hinduism is now more of an ethnic religion
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Who founded Buddhism?
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founded by Prince Siddhartha who became known as Buddha
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Where is Buddhism practiced?
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today, Buddhism is practiced by relatively few in India, but thrives in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Nepal, Tibet, and Korea. Along with other faiths, Buddhism is part of Japanese Culture.
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What is Shintoism?
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mix of Buddhism and the local religion of Japan
An ethnic religion focused on nature and ancestor worship |
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What two (2) religions/philosophies came out of China?
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taoism and Confucianism
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What are the two (2) main sects of Islam?
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Sunni Muslims (the great majority)
Shi’ite or Shian Muslims (concentrated in Iran) |
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Briefly describe how Islam diffused.
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Is Islam the fastest growing religion in the world?
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Islam is the second fastest growing religion in the world
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What are indigenous religions?
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Are local in scope, usually have a reverence for nature, and are passed down through family units and groups (tribes) of indigenous people
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What is shamanism?
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A community faith in which people follow the practices and teachings of the shaman a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary
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What is a pilgrimage?
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When adherents voluntarily travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site, the act of travel is called a ______
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Where are sacred sites? Provide examples
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Places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning. Members of a religious group may define a space or place as sacred out of either reverence or fear. If a sacred site is held with reverence, adherents may be encouraged to make a pilgrimage to the sacred site for rejuvenation, reflection, healing, or fulfillment of a religious commitment.
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Briefly describe the role religion plays in political conflicts.
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What is an interfaith boundary?
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Boundaries between the world’s major faiths
Ex.: ChristianMuslim boundaries in Africa |
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What is an intrafaith boundary?
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Boundaries within a single major faith
Ex.: Christian Protestants and Catholics, Muslim Sunni and Shi’ite |
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Briefly discuss the “religious” conflicts in Israel and Palestine, Nigeria, and former Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland. Why is religious in quotes?
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NTRA FAITH CONFLICT
Northern Ireland Catholics and Protestants in the North of Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain refers to? Island of Ireland was free Celtic and Roman Catholic religious practices Early 1200s Britain infiltration controlling the agricultural economy 16th century Colonialization began; by 1700 controlled entire island 1800s Ireland producing wealth from Britain and the industrial revolution PROTESTANTS (from GB especially Scotland) migrated to Ireland as during the colonial period they were vested in political and economic power over the subjugated. Most went to Northeastern Ireland indusrial jobs, opportunities great INTRA FAITH CONFLICT (cont’d) During Colonial period British treated Irish Catholics harshly took land, took legal rights to own property and participate in government, second class citizens Late 1800s Irish nationalism was on the rise by 1900s they were rebelling against colonialism (long after Caribbean and India) Conflict ended with a1922 settlement N. Ireland retained by Britain, rest of island Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Catholic/Protestant conflict Republic of Ireland did not interfere Distance developed between two groups “activity space” daily activities were in separate spaces travel, shop, worship, newspapers read, team support FUTURE? Response of the educated, young, 1998 Belfast and Good Friday Agreement, 2007 resolution,…new problems developing The Former Yugoslavia Balkan Peninsula separates the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church |
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What is religious fundamentalism?
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Beliefs are nonnegotiable and uncompromising
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What is religious extremism?
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Fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
Fundamentalists can be extremists but this does not mean that all fundamentalists (of any faith) are extremists |
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What are three (3) examples of religious extremism?
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Religious Extremism: Christianity
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Traditionalist Catholic Movement
Protestant fundamentalism |
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Religious Extremism: Judaism
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Orthodox conservatives
Extremist groups Kach and Kahane Chai |
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Religious Extremism: Islam
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Jihad: Taliban in Afghanistan
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What is political geography?
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The study of the political organization of the world
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Define the state.
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A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a gov’t;
A system of structures and institutions that have a monopoly over the means of violence and coercion Has full sovereignty over its internal and foreign affairs |
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What is sovereignty?
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Having a recognized right to control a territory both politically and militarily.
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How is territoriality tied to the concept of sovereignty?
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Concept of territory arose in early modern Europe as a system of political units came into being with fixed, distinct boundaries and at least a quasiindependent gov’t; process by which this happens is territoriality.
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How did the Peace of Westphalia mark the beginning of the modern state system?
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The Peace of Westphalia, negotiated in 1648, marks the beginning of the modern state system.
In the Westphalian system it became the territory that defined the society. |
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What is the difference between the state and a nation? Provide three (3) examples of nations.
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a culturally defined term, and few people agree on exactly what it means.
A group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of politicalterritorial autonomy. identified by its own membership |
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What is a nationstate?
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A nationstate is a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space.
The goal of creating nationstates dates to the French Revolution Key problem associated with the idea of the nationstate is that it assumes the presence of reasonably welldefined, stable nations living next to each other in discrete territories. |
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What is a multination state? Provide an example
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nearly every state in the world is a multinational state, a state with more than one nation inside its borders.
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What is a multistate nation? Provide an example
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when a nation stretches across borders and across states, the nation is called a multistate nation.
When multiple nations or states claim attachments to the same piece of territory, the potential for conflict is significant. |
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What is a stateless nation? Provide two (2) examples.
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some nations do not have a state; they are stateless nations.
Ex.: the Kurds |
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How did European colonialism help diffuse the nationstate model?
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europe exported its concepts of state, sovereignty, and the desire for nationstates to much of the rest of the world through two waves of colonialism.
During the heyday of colonialism, imperial powers exercised ruthless control over their domains and organized them for maximum economic exploitation. Despite the end of colonialism, the political organization of space and the global world economy persist. |
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Colonialism
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Briefly describe how the forces of colonialism helped establish the world economy.
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Define the three (3) basic tenants of world system’s theory.
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the three basic tenets of worldsystems theory, as Immanuel Wallerstein defines them:
1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy: Colonialism played a major role in establishing this system 3. The world economy has a threetier structure: Core is where one is most likely to find higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology Periphery: processes associated with a more marginal position in the world economy Semiperiphery: places where core and periphery processes are both occurring |
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What is the core?
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where one is most likely to find higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology
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What is the periphery?
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processes associated with a more marginal position in the world economy
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What is the semiperiphery?
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places where core and periphery processes are both occurring
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Centripetal Forces
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forces that tend to unify a country such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith
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Centrifugal Forces
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forces that tend to divide a country such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
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Devolution
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the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
Sometimes devolution is achieved by reworking a constitution to establish a federal system that recognizes the permanency of the regional governments. In other places, governments devolve power without altering constitutions, almost as an experiment. |
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Briefly describe economic devolutionary forces and terrestrial influences on devolution.
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How are boundaries established?
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states typically define the boundary in a treatylike legal document in which actual points in the landscape or points of latitude and longitude are described.
Cartographers delimit the boundary by drawing on a map. If either or both of the states so desire, they can demarcate the boundary by using steel posts, concrete pillars, fences, walls, or some other visible means to mark the boundary on the ground. |
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Geometric boundaries
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are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range
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Physicalpolitical boundaries
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follow an agreed upon figure in the natural landscape
Ex.: The center point of a river or crest of a mountain range. |
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What are the four (4) types of boundary disputes.
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definitional boundary disputes focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement.
Locational boundary disputes center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary. The definition is not in dispute, but its interpretation is. Operational boundary disputes involve neighbors who differ over the way their border should function. Allocational boundary disputes are becoming more common as the search for resources intensifies. |
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Definitional Boundary Disputes
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focuses on the legal language of the boundary agreement.
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Locational Boundary Disputes
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centers on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary
The definition is not in dispute, but its interpretation is. |
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Operational Boundary Disputes
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involves neighbors who differ over the way their border should function.
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Allocational Boundary Disputes
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becoming more common as the search for resources intensifies.
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What is a supranational organization? Provide six (6) examples.
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three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals
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How does supranationalism affect the state?
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economics associations: Examples?
European Union: “taken on a life of its own”; very successful regional supranational organization |
