Human Geography Ch8

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action space

Back 1

the geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis

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beaux arts

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this movement within city planning and urban design stressed the marriage of older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. common characteristics of this period include wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic movements that stressed progress, freedom, and nat'l unity

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central business district

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the downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge

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central place theory

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movement in environmental theory formulated by walter christaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distributions of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations

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city beautiful movement

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movement in an environmental design that drew directly fro, the beaux arts school. architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of mortality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world

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colonial city

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cities est by colonizing empires as administrative centers. often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructure

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concentric zone model

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model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of district land uses radiating out from a central core, or central business district

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edge city

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cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same function of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment

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european cities

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cities that were mostly developed during the midieval period and that retain many of the same characteristic such as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack

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exurbanite

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person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas

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feudal city

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cities that arose during the middle ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. this system fostered a dependent relationship b/w wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities

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gateway city

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cities that, because of their gographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas

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gentrification

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the trend of middle-and upper-income americans moving onto city centers are rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-incomw populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods

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ghettoization

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a process occuring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as afflueny whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources

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hinterland

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the markat area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves

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inner city decay

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those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. b/c of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty

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islamic cities

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cities that owe teir structure to their religious beliefs. they contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also charactierize them

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latin american cities

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cities that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization, and continual rapid increases in population. similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the central business district, where most industrial and financial activity occurs

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medieval cities

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cities that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church prominently marks the city center, and high wallls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack

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megacities

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cities, most characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since WWII. they all are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty

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megalopolis

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several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex

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metropolitian area

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within the US, an urban area consisting of one or more whole country units, usually containing several; urbanizzed areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole

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modern architecture

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point of view, wherein cities and buildings are thought to act like well-oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominate urban forms for a half a century wile this view prevailed

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multiple nuclei model

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type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place

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node

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geographical centers of activity. a large city, such as LA, has them

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postmodern architecture

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a reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. this kind uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more peopl-friendly than their modernist predecessors

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primate city

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a country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country

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rank-size rule

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rule that states that the population of any given tow should be inversely proportional to its rank in the country's hierarchy when the distribution of cities according to thier sizes follows a certain pattern

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sector model

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a model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward sfrom the center along transportation corridors

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segregation

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the process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. this process isolates these indivuals who cannot afford to consider reloating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city

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squatter settlements

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residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants

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suburb

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residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogenous in terms of population

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urban growth boundary

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geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city

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urban revitalization

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the process occuring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible

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urban sprawl

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the process of expansive suburban development over large areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary source of transportation

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world city

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centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce