Human Geography Ch3

Front 1

age-sex distribution

Back 1

a model used in population geogrpahy that describes the ages and # of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid

Front 2

baby boom

Back 2

a cohort of individuals born in the US b/w 1946 and 1964, which was just after WWII in a time of relative peace and prosperity. these conditions allowes for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility

Front 3

baby bust

Back 3

period of time during the 1960s and 70s when fertility rates in the US dropped as large #s of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competetive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. as such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contract to the baby boom

Front 4

carrying capacity

Back 4

the largest # of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support

Front 5

chain migration

Back 5

the migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding frieds or family members to an existing community

Front 6

cohort

Back 6

a population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit

Front 7

cotton belt

Back 7

them term by which the american south used to be know, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. the same area is now known as the new south or sun belt b/c people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities

Front 8

crude birth rate

Back 8

# of live births per yr per 1000 ppl

Front 9

crude death rate

Back 9

# of per yr per 1000 ppl

Front 10

demographic accounting equation

Back 10

equation that summarizes the amt of growth of decline in a poulation within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration

Front 11

demographic transition model

Back 11

a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates thru time

Front 12

demography

Back 12

the study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics

Front 13

dependency ratio

Back 13

the ratio of the # of ppl who are either too young or old to provide for themselves to the # of ppl who must cupport them thru their own labor. this is usually expressed in the form n:100 there n=#of dependents

Front 14

doubling time

Back 14

time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely

Front 15

emigration

Back 15

the process of moving out of a particular country, usually the individual person's country of origin

Front 16

exponential growth

Back 16

growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new ppl is added to a population each year. it is compound b/c the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population

Front 17

forced migration

Back 17

the migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will

Front 18

generation X

Back 18

a term coined by artist and author douglas coupland to describe ppl born in the US b/w 1965 and 1980. this post baby boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years

Front 19

immigration

Back 19

the process of individuals moving into a new country with the intentions of remaining there

Front 20

infant mortality rate

Back 20

the percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country

Front 21

internal migration

Back 21

the permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a particular country

Front 22

life expectancy

Back 22

the avg age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, b/w genders, and b/w races

Front 23

Thomas Malthus

Back 23

author of essay on the principle of population (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outspace food production

Front 24

migration

Back 24

a long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another

Front 25

natural increase rate

Back 25

the difference b/w the # of births and # of deaths within a particular country

Front 26

neo-malthusian

Back 26

advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations

Front 27

overpopulation

Back 27

a value judgment based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support the area's current population

Front 28

population density

Back 28

a measurement of the # of persons per unit land area

Front 29

population geography

Back 29

a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population

Front 30

population pyramid

Back 30

a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population

Front 31

pull factors

Back 31

attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities

Front 32

push factors

Back 32

incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil

Front 33

refugees

Back 33

people who leave their home b/c they are forced out, but not b/c they are being officially relocated or enslaved

Front 34

rust belt

Back 34

the northern industrial states of the US, including ohio, michigan, and pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the US and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate

Front 35

sun belt

Back 35

US region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since WWII

Front 36

total fertility rate

Back 36

the avg # of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

Front 37

voluntary migration

Back 37

movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area--the opposite of forced migration

Front 38

zero population growth

Back 38

proposal to end population growth thru a variety of official and nongov't family planning programs