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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does David Delaney define territory? |
He defined it as a bounded meaningful space. Hence territory seems to be about mapping borders around important spaces |
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What does Territoriality do? |
Territoriality draws attention to the link between territory and some other social phenomena, such as: labour migration, economic development and war. |
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What does territory do? |
Territory prevents flows from occurring across space. Also it isn't fixed and is socially produced. |
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How does the state create borders in the west bank? |
1)Attempts to partition occurred in 1917 by the british mandate and in 1947 by the league of nations 2)Displacements were caused by ward and israel was formed as a state in 1948 3)Jerusalem was divided into different quarters based on religion 4)Israel has made settlements in palestinian territory as well as developing a wall that prevents the flow f goods and people |
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What have minority groups had to fight for in North America? |
It has long been an issue for minority groups in the Southern states of North America. The minority population fought for civil rights and the freedom to travel between states. |
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What 'law' did the minority groups have to fight in the USA and who took a stand? |
They had to fight the 'Jim Crow' laws and Rosa park is known for refusing to sit up off her seat for a white man on a bus. |
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What are centrifugal forces? Give examples. |
They are forces that pull a state apart, such as: physical barriers to territorial integration, regional diversity, language, religion, balkanisation and city states. |
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What are centripetal forces? Give examples. |
They are forces that bind a state together, such as: the state ideas (it's reason for existing), the concept of a nation, the core area/periphery and the feeling of kinship. |
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What does having a strong state identity mean? |
It means having well defined borders and various mechanism to protect those borders |
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Define balkanisation |
This is where weak states fragment into various smaller states |
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How is balkanisation controlled? |
Efforts to control it include identifying the minority groups who may want to fragment the state and engaging in ethnic cleansing. |
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Breaking down boundaries and restrictions (Southern and Eastern Europe) |
In the 1950's national policies discouraged the development of major cities and encouraged small/medium sized towns. However since the collapse of communism may countries have allowed urbanisation to occur. |
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Albania post communism |
Between 1998 and 2002 the rural population of Albania fell by 15% and the people living in urban areas grew from 35% to 43%. By the end of 2007 25% of Albanians were living abroad. Remittances sent home increased from $150m in 1990 to $700m in 2004. |
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Colonialism in Africa |
European nations created mercantilism and colonialism in Africa during the 19th century, For example hut taxes were imposed on local people to fund infrastructure and open up new areas of development. Colonialism led to an international division of labour, the manufacturing of new resources and the creation of new markets. |
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South African changing migration patterns |
Men tended to migrate whilst women remained in the rural areas. African weren't allowed to work in white cities without becoming permanent residents. New patterns of migration as women sought employment and men remained at home. |
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What is globalisation caused by? |
Agglomeration, inter-firm networking, innovation and growth. |
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What does globalisation lead to? |
It leads to the revival of craft production (e.g the third Italy), high technology manufacturing and financial and business services |
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Resurgence of national identity |
There has been claims for regional autonomy or separatism due to differences in economical development, religion and language. |
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Can places disappear due to their connections? - Dearfield |
Dearfield was set up in Colorado by OT washington as an african-american frontier community. Settlers were encouraged to grow crops and sell them on the local market, they benefited from the high food prices during WW1. However in the 1920's the price of food dropped and the dust bowl hit agriculture. In 1940 the population had shrunk from 200 to just 12. |
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The International division of labour |
The movement of manual labour from the developed to the developing world. |
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What is production? |
Production is merely a moment in the circuits of social production which sustains networks of consumption. Production takes place throughout the circuits - most notably within the home where it is unpaid. The social relations which shape production in the contemporary world are those of capitalism which brings powerful and formative objects to bear upon social reproduction. |
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How does production create power? |
It creates power through the consumption and transformation of values placed in other goods (e.g labour power, books, machines, finance) |
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How has the view of consumption shifted? |
It has shifted from that which involved the negative moralities to that which celebrates the creativity and culture of consumption. Despite this shift the process is still seen as contradictory and one which is seen as the objects of consumption being invested with lives of their own. |
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Gender relations |
There has been a move from women being seen as only part of the domestic sphere to being an active part of the labour market. Women are breaking social barriers such as the glass ceiling. Gender has to be constantly reproduced and is tied to power systems (patriarchy) |
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What are power systems tied to? |
Control over space |
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'Space and society... |
'Space and society don't merely interact with or reflect each other, but rather are mutually constituted' |
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'Space is now understood to... |
'Space is now understood to play an important role in the constitution and reproduction of social identities and relations' (Valentine, 2001) |
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Conventional identity |
The conventional (essentialist) sense of identity with fixed stable positions in terms of age, gender, race and sexuality can lead to racism and segregation. |
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Relational identity |
It is fluid and changeable, we become who we are through a shared sense of identity with others. |
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How is race used? |
Race has been used to systematically privilege some groups and marginalise others. |
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The slave trade in the USA |
The slave trade brought between 10 and 28 million people from Africa to the USA, by 1900 20% of Americas population was African-American. After the slave trade was abolished there was a move to a more generalised white supremacy. Black people's movement to the cities from the south was unpopular with the white population. |
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Jim Crow Laws |
They were imposed in all southern states between 1879 and 1965. |
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Media reporting of 2011 London riots.. |
There was a stigmatisation of certain groups such as black youths, Sun Newspaper: 'fear at black youth numbers' - this singles them out as a problem population. |
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The painting of the upper class landowners. |
The painting ignores the reality of the agriculture and the lower classes that work the land. The peasants were seen as part of the land and therefore they were unable to appreciate it. |
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Human history divided into two. |
The west is portrayed as the domain of progress. The rest is pictured as more of a spectacle than a pageant, firmly located in geography rather than history. |
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The super organic theory of culture. |
Come's from 1940's american anthropology, it imagines culture as an organism, it has a life of its own. Super implies a higher level than the individual. |
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Culture relfects.. |
It reflects the material conditions of existence (economic and social structures) For example, land and private property, and the privilege of the owner. Communist structure involves communal ownership and benefits to the community. |
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Orientalism |
Orientalism as way of seeing Asia is eurocentric, based on simplified characteristics, racist and legitimises uneven power relations. It is difficult to separate ideas about cultural identity from nationalism, some people regard the two as identical. More than one politician has said that english culture needs to be protected against the threat of outside influences. |
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Reasons for nation's to exist. |
They don't just exit by virtue of location, they are constructed, not least through the mobilisation of images. For example someone from england will imagine it differently from someone who has never been. |
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While images may endure.. |
There meanings may not. Secondly the imagination of national identity is not always a process which works exclusively from within. It is always constructed relationally with contrast with another wherever that is located (Hall, 1999). |
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Upper classes (rational detachment) |
The upper classes argued that the ability to think with rational detachment, in general terms about abstract ideas is required for political authority, they believe the lower classes don't possess this ability (Barrell, 1990) |
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John Agnew; the three aspects of place (1987) |
1) Location - a point in space with specific relations to other points in space. 2) Locale - the broader context (both built and social) for social relations) 3) Sense of place - subjective feelings associated with a place. |
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Public spaces are supposed to be... |
The public spaces spaces are supposed to be non-political. Proper politics supposed to occur in designated political spaces. Similarly public space is supposed to be masculine space, they are material manifestations of masculine ideas of power and authority. Therefore a feminine presence is seen as threatening (Wilson, 1991) - Plaza de Mayo Madres - the 10,000 women who protested the disappearence of their children in Buenos Aires. |
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Nature endorsing perspectives |
Natural means no interference from external sources, wild non-domesticated - green ideas of nature by scientists |
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Nature sceptical perspectives |
Discourses which direct us to the nature that we are destroying, wasting and polluting (Soper) |
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Perspectives of nature |
1st nature - raw materials (soil profile) 2nd nature - social nature, transformed by human activity 3rd nature - virtual nature, flows of info (grain futures trading) |
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Farming, nature and the environment |
Agricultural focus has shifted from socio economic to agri-environmental relations. People have realised the impact that agriculture has on the environment and have looked at ways to minimise this because the environment is key to producing crops in the present and future, Sustainable policies may affect farmers profits and methods of farming. Farming affects and is created by nature. |
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Nature, environment and leisure conservation |
There is a conflict regarding national parks in the uk, farmers are angry because they can't farm the land. Some conservationists believe they aren't natural and visitor pressure is causing degradation of the environment. There are competing visions of what nature is and therefore competing land use ideas, others see the 'pay as you enter' countryside as an issue. |
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Noel Castree (1995) |
To acknowledge that nature is produced undermines the idea that it is fixed and unchanging. The process for producing goods for human use transforms the environment. |
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From first to second nature |
The potato is found in the inca state by explorers and brought back to europe as an exotic curiosity, in modern times it is widely used in fast food. |
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Incompatible ways of seeing the same area. |
For example Australia was describe by nineteenth century colonists as a waste and barbarous land, which is contradictory to the dreamtime accounts of the aboriginie people whose stories teem with plants and animals
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Distorting nature |
In an animal/wildlife film you can make an area appear to be teeming with life by distorting time and showing a number of animals on the screen within a few minutes when the show can take months to film (Burgess and Unwin, 1984) |
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Geographical and social difference.. |
Is not static but leads to and changes due to connection. |
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Globalisation can cause.. |
Hybridity and not just homogeneity, hybridity emphasises both connection and difference. |
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Time Geography |
An idea constructed by Torsten Hagestrand, it argues that life is made up of stations and bundles, however this is far too linear to represent real life. |
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Social Practice theory |
A social practice is a continua and ongoing flow of collective activity in the world (Shove, 2012) Practices consist of a mix of forms of bodily/mental activity, a background knowledge in the form of understanding and things and their use (Reckwitz, 2002) |
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Global change affects.. |
It affects local place, places are sites of interference and hybridity. Both standardisation and hybridity can be present in the same place and in tension. |
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People and their organisations |
They create and link places in everyday life. This can depend on three factors; frequency of visit, purpose of visit and where it is (accessibility) |
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'Although the world is increasing connected |
We must hold this in balance with the observation that most people live intensively local lives; their homes, workplaces, shopping and friends and other family are located within a relatively small orbit (Pratt and Hanson, 1994) |
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What % of people in the countryside work in agriculture? |
3-4% |
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How much of england is classified as rural? |
88% |
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What % of the population live in rural areas? |
25% |
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What is the main economic activity in rural areas? |
Tourism. |
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How are rural/remote rural areas categorised? |
DEFRA categorises rural areas as those with population with density of less than 275 people per square km. Remote rural areas have less than 100 people per square km. |
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Farming |
Pre WW2 there was a neglect of domestic agriculture in the UK, food was cheap to import, however during the war many cargo ships were targeted by German submarines. Therefore domestic agriculture had to be restimulated. |
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Productivist farming |
Was implemented in the 1960's, the Eu's Common agricultural policy (CAP) |
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Post-productivist farming |
Farming methods changed due to the economic and environmental impacts of productivism. There was a cost-price squeeze where farmers were paying more for their crops and receiving less money for them. The ERDP believes this is because agriculture isn't a major direct contributor to the UK economy except in some rural areas |
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Continuation of productivist farming |
There was a continuation but also a reconnection of farmers to consumers through market orientation (farmers markets) The CAP provided environmental production. |
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Multifunctional countryside |
farming, tourism, conservation, rural businesses (embracing difference) |
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Global commodity trading... |
And the emergence of farmers markets (rural-urban connection, local specificity and difference) |
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The countryside has shifted from.. |
a production to consumption based countryside |
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The curry report (2002) |
Tourism is a key earner in rural areas and a healthy, attractive and diverse landscape is the foundation for its future. |
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Tourism and rural employment |
Tourism has resulted in a change in rural employment, meaning that it is now: low paid, part time/seasonal, has changed gender relations and is insecure. |
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Tourism and conflict |
Tourism may cause conflict in rural areas, many of the houses are taken up by city dwellers as second homes, these people are usually wealthy and their presence not only lowers the available housing for local people but rises housing prices, meaning that locals are priced out of the few remaining properties. |
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The RDPE plans to enhance the environment and countryside. |
They plan to do this by making agriculture and forestry more competitive and sustainable, enhancing opportunity in rural areas. An example is the £48,000 they award to Tom Mellor to turn a 19th century Granary into a brewery. This is dependant upon connection (e.g to urban consumers and markets for rural food and tourism expenses) It is built on difference (marketing local specificity and rural imagery). Difference and connection are co-produced, and are implicated in the remaking of local rural places. |
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Rural social change |
There has been a pattern of counter urbanisation and depopulation in the countryside. More of the countryside has become 'exclusive' to the middle and upper classes. Rural deprivation and poverty has increased. |
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Rural Population change |
In 1851 the population was about 50/50 between rural and urban areas, by 1951 the percentage of people living in the rural areas had decreased to 20. However counter urbanisation occurred in the 60's and 70's and the 80's saw the fastest growth in rural areas. There has been socially selective counter urbanisation and a change in rural power relations. British farmers are less secure in terms of their role in agriculture and rural life. |
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Concentric rings |
These are good at showing patterns, however they aren't useful for identifying causal processes. They ignore complexity rather than explain it. |
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The changing function of cities |
Downtowns have become centres of corporate control, with a hub of financial and legal services, supporting services and cultural amenities. Allen Scott (2008) cities are centres of cognitive cultural capitalism. |
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Barcelona as 'mobile urbanism' |
(Ward, 2011) The 1985 olympic bid resulted in slum clearance and the removal of shanty towns. Old sites such as Montjuic were also recovered for the 1992 olympics. |
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London as global city (1986 big bang) |
A sudden deregulation of financial sector results in an increase in the financial sector and a decrease in production. |
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There has been a growing divide between London/South East and the rest of England. |
The rest of the country should be helped to catch up. Neoliberal logic states that this should happen by spreading competitiveness to provinces. |
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'To the north and.. |
To the north and west is a series of poorly connected city cluster islands that appear to be slowly sinking demographically. |
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The 2012 Infrastructure survey |
80% of businesses state the quality and reliability of transport infrastructure are important in investment decisions. 61% are concerned that the UK lags behind competitors - HS2. |
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Living Wage campaign |
It began in 2000, currently £8.30 an hour in London. |
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The economist on failing cities |
They argue that cities such as Wolverhampton and Hull are beyond repair and should be cut off, they have failed to attract the middle class and have relied too heavily on public sector spending. |
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A focus on difference can lead to stigma (the poor) |
'The poor as a source of pollution and moral danger were clearly identified in comtemporary nineteenth century accounts of the capitalist city' Sibley, 1995. |
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Gentrification in Harlem |
The population is becoming increasingly white. There has been a coalition to save harlem, protest against rezonings and property speculation, street protests to reclaim neighbourhoods. |
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Gated communities |
Exclusive private residential developments, amenities paid for by residents, controlled access and high security. |
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'Normative significance of place' |
Entrinkin notes that this is sometimes expressed as a celebration of difference, out of suspicion of the dominant homogenising forces. |
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Epistemological significance of place |
It claims a scepticism towards general theories that claim equal applicability everywhere. |
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The world is shrinking |
This is because of increasingly dense interconnections between people and places and the other side of the world to each other. |
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About the Mosaic |
The world is perceived as a collection of local people and places. This can be drawn out into a number of scales, from neighbourhoods to continents. The mosaic puts emphasis on boundaries and borders, this means any intrusions into a distinctive area tend to be seen as a threat to its unique character. For example one could think about the dominance of american culture. Also migration poses a problem for the cultural integrity of receiving areas and undermines indigenous culture, unless the immigrants undergo assimilation. |
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Issues with the Mosaic |
The worlds differences don't fit into a mosaic, no matter what scale. The contents of any one area are uniformly the same. To claim they are is an 'ecological fallacy' Also people don't stay still, if we study the meteography of people we see that the europeans haven't always inhabited europe. The mosaic depends on stereotyping, it places differences onto distant people in order to create some sense of unity. Ethnic cleansing follows the logic of the mosaic. |
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The Global System |
The differences between places are not seen as a consequence of their internal qualities but as a result of their location within the world. We may say that the phillipines are poor compared to the UK due to their lack of natural resources. What this kind of explanation ignores is that they have a long history of interconnection through political, world and economic systems. The western world puts pressure on trade such as coconuts from the the phillipines by developing cheaper substitutes, they are able to do this due to their economic power |
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Network theory |
Both the local and global are made up of a series of connections and disconnections called 'networks' Doreen massey coined the phrase 'a global significance of place' to show that the distinctiveness of local place is not affected by connections to the global world but actually comes from them. |
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Appadurai (1990) Scapes |
The global is comprised of a range of interacting but distinctive scapes, or morphologies of flow and movement. Such as: Finanscapes which comprise global networks and flows of money (Often in electronic and virtual forms) |
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Is the nation state the ultimate expression of territoriality? |
Inter-scalar relations have become more complex due to the world being interconnected in many different ways. |
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Huntingdon (1996) |
He suggested that the emerging world is likely to lack the stability and clarity of the cold war and be a jungle like world of multiple dangers, hidden traps, unpleasant surprises and moral ambiguities. Such challenges were to come from the emergent national loyalties to which people would turn to in the vacuum left by the cold war (Rwanda and the balkans) and from rogue states refusing to accept the rules of world order (Iraq) |
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During the cold war |
The free world of the USA was pitted against the soviet union and its allies. Reagen described it as an 'evil empire' It was though that any country falling under communist rule would create a domino effect and lead to the world being dominated by communism. For example the Americans believed that if one Asian country such as South Vietnam were to adopt communism then other countries such as Thailand, Laos and India would follow. |
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What effect does distance have on politics? |
It has an effect on politics because proximity leads to susceptibility to political influence, and certain topographical features promote security or lead to vulnerability. Geo-politicians believe that they can improve a nations security by explaining the effect of a countries geography. |
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In 2004 the UN |
They suggested that 60% of people will be living in cities by the year 2030. Much of this growth will be in the third world. |
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Reason for moving out of cities |
The inner cities were seen as derelict, dirty and crime ridden. First to suburbs, but due to an increasing level of car ownership levels, to smaller towns and villages - accurately foreseen by HG Wells. |
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The USA has become more dispersed with the creation of.. |
Edge cities, which are low density ex-urban settlements with their own amenities. (Garreau 1991) |
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Redistribution of pop in the USA |
People have moved from the 'snow belt' cities such as Detroit to the 'sun belt' cities such as Las Vegas. Detroit has seen a massive decline due to the 'white flight' to the suburbs. |
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Los Angeles as an ethnic majority city |
Ed Soja (1992) termed it the 'capital of the third world' The anglo population has fallen from 80 to 33 percent and the hispanic population has risen from 10 to 45 percent. |
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Wilson; When work dissapears, poverty in Chicago. |
It is important to understand the major obstacles that ghetto residents have to overcome to meet mainstream standards for work. They don't have the fringe benefits taken for granted by the middle class (Health care). In the 10 communities that incorporated the black belt in 1990, 8 had poverty rates of higher than 45%. Overall it's poverty increased from 33% to a half between 1970 and 1990. This is as a result of de-industrialisation and the removal of the manual jobs traditionally held by the blacks. These jobs have been replaced by high technology. More than half of the housing stock in North Lawnsdale has dissapeared since 1960 and what remains is mmore run down. |
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Decline of old industrial cities |
The decline of these cities such as Manchester and Lille has been paralled with a rise in a small number of global cities as the command centres of the world economy and financial systems (Sassen, 1990) |
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Nature associations |
Nature has come to be associated with the places that are the most remote from where 'we' are - like jungles and the wilderness |
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Natural world |
The natural world is understood to be shaped as powerfully by the human imagination as any other physical manipulation. Our experience of the natural world is always mediated, it is shaped by rhetorical constructs such as photography (Wilson, 1992) |
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The landscape |
The landscape park is more palpable, but no more real nor less imaginary, than a landscape painting or poem (Daniels, 1988) |
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'Ways of seeing' |
1) The representation of nature isn't a neutral process that simply produces a mirror image of a fixed internal reality, like a photocopy. 2) Don't take representations of the natural at face value. However much they claim to be 'true to life; The real and represented world can't be so easily distinguished. 3) There are many incompatible ways of seeing the same natural phenomenom. |
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Imagination is.. |
Imaginations are social as well as individual. Senses of identification, whether they are subjective, inter-subjective or imposed change over time. |
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Visual Images |
They have long been considered important sources of geographical information. Visual images are not simply frozen data banks, they also represent info in ways that aren't neutral or self evident. Geographers must then be interested in the nature of forms and codes and how they have evolved over time. |
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Said (other) |
Said's work explained the role of ideas of the other, in the construction of imaginative geographies of culture. European culture is based on the essential opposition between the civilised and uncivilised, or yet to be civilised. |
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Life in the Southern Isles (1876) |
It depicts a pacific island village scene. The first is pre-christian and shows the islanders engaged in ceremonial dance, wearing grass skirts and abandoned to a hedonistic life. In the second they have been transformed into a sedate community, domesticated and cultivated. Such 'before and after' images were a staple part of missionary writings during this period. However they had little basis in reality (Thomas 2010) - they had a particular audience in mind. |
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Maps |
They provide powerful ways of representing the relationships between people and place. In the age of the empire, maps were important means of diffusing ideas of imperial identity and difference. |
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Rural imagery vs Prostitution |
In the 1970's the hovis advert showed a young boy struggling up a hill pushing his bike, this was a way a reproducing a certain view of rural and rustic english culture. In 2002 a woman called 'the english rose' was found to be a prostitute in the same area. Prostitution rarely makes the front pages, however it was the shock that it exists in rural england which is seen as much more wholesome than the big cities such as Manchester and London. Even more so because it was happening on top of 'Gold hill' where hovis filmed. |
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Animals |
They are subjected to many of the place based controls that many of the marginalised groups in society face, like humans, they have their place. This is rarely within the boundaries of the city. Suburban areas are often built over the natural landscape of animals such as the possum and this causes them to venture into 'human' territory. |
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Being 'out of place' |
It can be a form of resistance against those in power. This is particularly true in the ways that public space is used, it is used to assert the power and ideology of the nation state. |
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Plazo de Mayo Madres |
10,000 women would walk the street to fight against the abduction of relatives and the values of the state, which were opposed to the 'western' values that they believed in. |
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Power of place in political protest. |
The occupy movement started in New York in 2011 when they planned to occupy wall street, it has spread to over 100 countries and highlights the high levels of inequality produced by capitalism. It took some of its inspiration from the way public spaces were taken over in the middle east during the Arab Spring. |
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Civic nationalism |
It envisages the nation as as a community of equal right bearing citizens, united in patriarchal attachment to a shared set of values. However its lack of regard to race and colour can be a problem when the country decides that cultural homogeneity is desirable - the banning of the burqa in france in 2011 |
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The nation is imagined |
The nation is imagined because we are unlikely to meet or come in to contact with more than a tiny proportion of individuals. However you sill have a strong sense of identity and the belief that it is 'our' nation - newspapers provide a daily reminder of the shared nation. |
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National socialisation |
focus on the exotic forms of nationalism so the everyday ideas have been overlooked. |
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Edensor |
Automobility - shapes or reflects national identity in a number of ways. |
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ethnic nationalism |
concerned with ethnicity, culture and belonging. |
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Nationalist identity |
Nearly always geographical because it is based around a territorial claim and requires a clear sense of place. |
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Endensor (Matrix) |
Nationalism exists as part of a matrix in a promiscuous relationship with other forms of identity. Nationalism is therefore flexible and multi-dimensional and this is one of the reasons for its success. |
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Nairn |
Growing national identity in Scotland was a response to a recognition of the growing inequality between the north and south. |
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nationalism associations |
has been associated with minority and marginalised groups speaking out about poor treatments and wanting regional autonomy and dissasociation from the state. |
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Actor network theory |
objects technologies and materials are fundamental to how we relate to each other and the world. Third this relational materialism has been joined by philosophical ruminations on materiality and the material forces that flux across human and non-human bodies. |
