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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural disaster is misleading because it ignores
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Political & Social Factors
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Cultural Ecologists attempt to understand how cultural processes affect adaptation
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The Environment
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Understanding human Environment interactions within the content of the surrounding political and economist approaches
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Political Ecologists
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Columbian Exchange
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Virgin Soil Epidemics
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In Western Culture
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Patriarchal Biases
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Aral Sea
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Unsustainable Agricultural Processes
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Not True
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Affluent Countries, Judeo-Chrstian Perspective on nature
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"Nature is a social creation"
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The physical world means different things to different people at different times
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Technological Ability and Understanding
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Highest commerical energy consumption
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North America
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"Humanized version of other"
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Cultural Landscape
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Many languages are spoken
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Lingua Franca
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Human Geographers DO NOT
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Based on genetic inheritance
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American Pioneer
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Carl Sauer
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Clovis Point
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A flaked, bifaced projectile whose length is more than twice its width. Hunting Weapon. New Mexico.
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Columbian Exchange
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Interaction between the Old World-Originating with the voyages of Columbus- and the New World.
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Conservation
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The View that natural resources should be used wisely and that society's effects on the natural world should represent stewardship and not exploitation.
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Cultural Ecology
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Study of the relationship between a culture group and its natural environment
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Deep ecology
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Approach Nature: Self-realization and biospherical egalitarianism
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Deforestation
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The removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting. El Centro, Southern California
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Demographic Collapse
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Phenomenon of near genocide of native populations
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Desertification
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The degradation of land cover and damage to the soil and water in grasslands and arid and semiarid lands. Sahel Region, Africa
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Ecofeminism
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View that patriarchal ideology is at the center of our present environmental malaise. Social idea that values men more than women. Wangari Maathai: Kenyan Environmental Activist
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Ecological Imperialism
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Introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems.
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I=PAT
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I= Impact upon Earth's Resources
P=Population A=Affluence measured by per capita income T=Technology Urban family vs. Village family |
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Ecosystem
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Community of different species interacting with each other and with the larger physical environment that surrounds it
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Paleolithic hunters
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Massive animal kills. Run buffalo off cliff.
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Environmental ethics
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Philosophical perspective on nature that prescribes moral principles as guidance for our treatment of it
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Environmental Justice
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Movement of reflecting a growing political consciousness, largely among the world's poor, that their immediate environs are far more toxic than those in wealthier neighborhoods
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Global Change
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combination of political, economic, social, historical, and environmental problems at the world scale.
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Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
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Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmoshere, including, but are not limited to, water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and Ozone (O3)- are generated by energy use
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Nature
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Social Creation as well as the physical universe that includes human beings.
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Paleolithic Period
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Period when chipped-stone tools first began to be used. 1.5 million years ago. Clovis Points: New Mexico. Cave Paintings: Southern France
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Political Ecology
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Approach to cultural geography that studies humans in their environment through the relationships of patterns of resource use to political and economic forces
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Preservation
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Approach to nature advocating that certain habitats, species, and resources should remain off-limits to human use, regardless of whether the use maintains or depletes the resource in question.
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Romanticism
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Philosophy that emphasizes interdependence and relatedness between humans and nature
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Siltation
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Buildup of sand and clay in a natrual or artificial waterway
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Society
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Sum of the inventions, institutions, and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times
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Technology
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Physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes, and knowledge of know-how.
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Transcendentalism
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Philosophy in which a person attempts to rise above nature and the limitations of the body to the point where the spirit dominates the flesh. Influenced contemporary understandings of nature. Utitarian minister.
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"Development" of Nature
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Table: "unimproved land" less valued than "improved land" Capital worth, not intrinsic value. Edward Abbey.
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Generalized Aquatic Food Chain
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Long Island: naturalist's view. The higher the entity is in a food chain, the fewer there are of it.
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Henry David Thoreau
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Walden; often credited as the originator of U.S. ecological philosophy
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Transcendentalism
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George Perkins Marsh
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Man and Nature, or physical Geography as Modified by Human Action
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Rachel Carson
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Silent Spring
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Virgin Soil Epidemics
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Conditions in which the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposure to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member of the group.
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Virtual Water
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The water embedded in the food or other products we consume
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Neolithic Peoples and Domestication
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Massive animal kills and Wheat and Flint Sickle Blade.
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Tenochtitlan, circa 1500
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Aztec capital. Island, Dramatic environmental modifications through cultivation techniques.
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HIPPO
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E.O. Wilson, Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population, and Overharvesting.
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Impact of Energy Needs on Environment
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Coal mining, A tanker oil spill
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Global Energy Issues
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Global natural gas reserves, predictions of future oil production. Gazprom, Russia state-owned natural gas monopoly. Energy watch groups predictions.
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Nature and Society
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Complex Relationship, Physical realm and Social Creation
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Urbanization and industrialization
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Extreme degrading impacts on the environment
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Environmental Problems
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Deforestation, acid rain, disappearing species
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Promote Global Sustainability
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Sustainability, conventions, protocols, and organizations.
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Geographers are concerned with
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How place and space shape culture. How culture shapes place and space. Culture is dynamic and is contested and altered within larger social, political, and economic contexts.
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Culture is affected by: Globalization has not produced a
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Homogenized cultures
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Contemporary Approaches
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Understand the role of politics and the economy establishing and perpetuating cultures, cultural landscapes, and global patterns of cultural traits and complexes
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Cultural Complex
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Combination of traits characteristic of a particular group
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Cultrual Geography
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How space, place, and landscape culture at the same time that cultrue shapes space, place, and landscape.
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Cultural hearths
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The geographic orgins or sources of innovations, ideas, or ideologies. Carl Sauer
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Cultural Landscape
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A characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group and a natural environment. "humanized version of natural environment" (landscape management) (Forms: Population, Density, Mobility, Housing, Plan, Structure, Production, Communication)
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Cultural Nationalism
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An effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization, especially from the penetrating influence of U.S. Culture.
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Cultural Region
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The areas within which a particular cultural system prevails
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Cultural System
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A collection of interacting elements that taken together shape a group's collective identity
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Cultural Trait
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A single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group. (Iroquois Longhouse)
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Culture
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A shared set of meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life.
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Dialects
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Regional variations in standard languages
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Diaspora
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Spatial dispersion of a previously homogeneous group.
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Ethnicity
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Socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based upon actual or perceived commonality.
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Folk Culture
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Traditional practices of small groups, especially rurar people with a simple lifestyle who are seen to be homogeneous in their belief systems and practices
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Gender
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Social differences between men and women rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex
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Genere de vie
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Functionally organized way of life that is seen to be characteristic of a particular cultural group. (Market Gardens in Corsica)
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Hajj
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Religious Pilgrimage
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Historical Geography
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Geography of the past (Domesday Book)
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Islam
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Arabic term that means submission to God's will
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Islamism
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Anticolonial, Anti-imperial, and generally anticore political movement
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Jihad
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Sacred Struggle
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Kinship
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Relationship based on blood, marriage, or adoption
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Language
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Communicating ideas or feelings by means of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds
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Language Branch
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Collection of languages that possess a definite common origin that have split into individual languages
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Langauge family
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Collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistorical origin
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Language Group
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Collection of several languages that are part of a language branch, share a common origin, and have similar grammar and vocabulary
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Muslim
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Member of the Islamic community of believers whose duty is obedience and submission to the will of God.
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Popular Culture
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Practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogeneous and change frequently, often in response to commercial products
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Race
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Problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics
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Racialization
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Practice of categorizing people according to race, or of imposing a racial character or context.
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Religion
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Belief system and set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humans
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Rites of Passage
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Ceremonial acts, customs, practices, or procedures that recognize key transitions in human life, such as birth, menstruation, and other markers of adulthood such as marriage. (South Korea-Hwan-Gap)
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Sexuality
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Set of practices and identities that a given culture considers related to each other and to those things it considers sexual acts and desires. (Gay Pride, Brazil)
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Tribe
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Form of social identity created by groups who share a set of ideas about collective loyalty and political action
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World Music
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Musical genre defined largely in response to the sudden increase of non-English-language recordings released in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1980s
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Expressions of Culture: Ta mako (Tribal Tattoos)
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Signs of identification, rank, genalogy, tribal history, eligibility to marry, beauty, and ferocity in the Maori culture of New Zealand
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Building Cultural Complexes
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Masai village: enclosed by thorny vegetation. Inside is dwellings, pens for all-important livestock
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4 Major World Langauges
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Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism
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Natural Landscape
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Factors: Geological, Climatic, Vegetational. Forms: Weather, Land, Surface, Soil, Drainage, Mineral Resources, Sea and Coast, Plants
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Cosmopolitanism
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An intellectual and aesthetic openess toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures
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Derelict Landscapes
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Landscapes that have experienced abandonment, misuse, disinvestment, or vandalism
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Ethology
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Scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs.
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Existential Imperative
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Tendency for people to define themselves in relation to their material world and their capacity to achieve a form of spiritual or psychic unity between themselves and their material worlds
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Humanistic Approach
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Point of view that places the individual-especially individual values, meaning systems, intentions, and conscious acts- at the center of analysis.
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Landscape as Text
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Idea that landscapes can be read and written by groups and individuals
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Modernity
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Forward- looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress.
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Post Modernity
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View of the world that emphasizes an openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political enpowerment
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Ethology
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The study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs
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Proxemics
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The study of the social and cultural meaning that people give to personal space
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Territoriality
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The regulation of social interaction. The regulation of access to people and resources. The provision of a focus and symbol of group membership and identity.
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Cognitive Images
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The Real world, information, perception, cognition, recall (transformed cognitive image)
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People tend to organize their cognitive images in terms of several simple elements:
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Paths
Edges Districts Nodes Landmarks. |
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American Suburb: Vulgaria
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Landcapes of bigness and ostentation, characterized by: Packaged developments, simulated settings, and conspicuous consumption.
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Fast Cities vs Slow cites
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Fast: Canary Wharf, London, England.
Slow: Abbiategrasso, Italy |
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Sense of Place
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Ideas, Feelings. An attachment that you carry with you when you are near. Can be iconic, 'Lucky Charm' picture
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Marketing Military History in Portsmouth
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D-Day Museum, Royal Marines Museums.
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Portmouth, England
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The Mary Rose, King Henry VIII
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Agglomeration Diseconomies
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The Negative Economic Effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry
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Deindustrialization
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A relative decline in industrial employment in core regions.
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Ancillary Industries
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Forward linkages, (maintenance and repair, recycling, security, and business services)
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Autarky
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Insignificant contributions to the flows of imports and exports that constitute the geography of trade
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Backwash Effects
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The negative impacts on a region (or regions) of the economic growth of some other region.
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Carrying Capacity
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The maximum number of users that can be sustained, over the long term, by a given set of natural resources.
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Conglomerate Corporations
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Companies that have diversified into various economic activities, usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions
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Creative Destruction
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The withdrawl of investments from activities (and regions) that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities (and new places)
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Cumulative Causation
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A spiral buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economics, agglomeration effects, and localization economics.
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Debt Trap
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Syndrome of always having to borrow in order to fund development
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Dependency
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High level of reliance by a country of foreign enterprises, investment, or technology
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Ecological Footprint
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Measure of human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the production of pollution indicating how much space a population needs compared to what is available
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Elasticity of Demand
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Degree to which demand for a product or service change in response to changes in price.
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Export-Processing Zones (EPZs)
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Small areas within which especially favorable investment and trading conditions are created by governments in order to attract export-oriented industries
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External Economics
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Cost savings that result from circumstances beyond a firms own organization and methods of production
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Flexible Production Systems
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Ability of manufacturers to shift quickly and efficiently from one level of output to another, or from one product configuration to another
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Fordism
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Principles of mass production based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques
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Foreign direct investment
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Total of overseas business investments made by private companies
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Geographical path dependence
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Historical relationship between the present activities associated with a place and the past experiences of that place
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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Estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year
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Gross National Income (GNI)
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Similar to GDP, but also includes the value of income from abroad
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Growth Poles
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Economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries
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Import Substitution
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Process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formely were brought from foreign producers.
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Inflation
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Increased supply of printed currency that leads to higher prices and international financial differentials
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Infrastructure (fixed social capital)
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Underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity.
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Initial Advantage
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Critical importance of an early start in economic development, a special case of exeternal economics
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International division of labor
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Specialization, by countries, in particular products for export.
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Just-in-time production
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Manufacturing process in which daily or hourly delivery schedules of materials allow for minimal or zero inventories
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Localization Economics
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Cost savings that accure to particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location
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Logistics
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Movement and storage of goods and the management of the entire supply chain, from purchase of raw materials through sale of the final product and back again, for the replenishment of goods as they are sold.
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Neo-Fordism
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Economic principles in which the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption is modified by the addiction of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems
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Newly Industrializing Countries
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Countries formerly peripheral within the world system that have aquired a significant industrial sector, usually through foreign direct investment.
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Offshore Financial Centers
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Islands or microstates that have become specialized node in the geography of worldwide financial flows
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OECD
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Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
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Primary Activities
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Economic Activities that are concerned directly with natural resources of any kind.
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Quaternary Activites
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Economic Activities that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information
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Secondary Activities
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Economic Activites that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities, or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods.
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Spread Effects
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Positive impacts on a region of the economic growth of some other region
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Strategic Alliances
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Commerical agreements between transnational corporations, usually involving shared technologies, marketing networks, market research, or product development.
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Sustainable Development
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Vision of development that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity.
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Terms of trade
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Ratio of prices at which exports and imports are exchanged
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Tertiary Activities
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Economic activities involving the sale and exchange of goods and services
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Trading Blocs
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Groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements
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Transnational Corporations
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Companies with investments and activities tha span international boundries and with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries
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Vertical Disintegration
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Evolution from large, functionally integrated firms within a given industry toward networks of specialized firms, subcontractors, and suppliers
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World Cities
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City in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business is conducted
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Patterns of Economic Development
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Sturcture of the region's economy
Forms of economic organizationtion within the region Availability and use of technology within the region |
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Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
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Common index of market basket purchased locally. Shows direct relationship between the Core "North" and Periphery "South" BEST WAY TO COMPARE ECONOMICS
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UNDP Human Development Index
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Measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income. Perfect score is 1.0. Worst scores .4.
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Gender Equality
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Creating economic oppurtunities for women does not require high levels of economic development.
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Argriculture:Women
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Peripheral countries, majority of workers. Earn 40-50% less.
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Economic Structure
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Primary Activities
Secondary Activities Tertiary Activities Quaternary Activities |
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Geographical division of Labor
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MVA (World Manufacturing Value Added) Production adds value to raw material reflected in increased price for finished foods relative to scale.
Diamonds, oil, car, coal China, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, India, Argentinal, and Thailand US has 25% GLOBAL MVA |
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China's Economics Development
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New Affluence/Real Estate Boom
Four Modernizations Industry Agriculture Science Defense |
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Fair Trade
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Creating oppurtunities for economically disadvantages producers
Capacity building Ensuring that women's work is properly valued and rewarded Ensuring a safe and healthy working environment for producers Payment of a fair price for goods that is socially just and environmentally sound |
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Stages Economic Development
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Traditional Society
Pre-Conditions for take-off Take-Off Drive to Maturity High Mass Consumption |
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Pathways to Regional Development
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Geographical path dependence
Initial Advantage External Economics Localization Economics |
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Principal Maquiladora Centers
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Hyundai factory, Tijuana, Mexico.
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