Human Geo Vocab Barrons

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ANTHROPOGENIC

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human induced changes on the natural environment

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EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE

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approach to physical geography that looks at the earth's physical systems and processes on a global scale

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ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY

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geography which explores the spatial impact humans have on the physical environment

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ERATOSTHENES

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one of the first cartographers; coined the word 'geography'

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IDIOGRAPHIC

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pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place

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GEORGE PERKINS MARSH

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wrote Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action

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NOMOTHETIC

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concepts or rules that can be applied universally

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WD PATTISON

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claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions; earth-science, culture-environment, locational, and area-analysis

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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

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geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of natural phenomenons

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PTOLEMY

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wrote Guide to Geography, including maps that contained a grid system of latitude and longitude

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QUALITATIVE DATA

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data associated with a more humanistic approach. collected through interviews, interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, etc.

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QUANTITATIVE DATA

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data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques

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CARL SAUER

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defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis

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SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE

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intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is where it is, and how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places

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SYSTEMATIC GEOGRAPHY

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study of earth's integrated systems as a whole, instead of focusing on a particular phenomena in a single place.

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THEMATIC LAYERS

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individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a GIS to understand a spatial relationship

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ACCESSIBILITY

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relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

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AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION

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map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface

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BREAKING POINT

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outer edge of a city's sphere of influence

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CHOROPLETH MAP

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thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatical data

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COGNITIVE MAP

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image of a portion of the earth's surface that an individual creates in his or her mind

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COMPLEMENTARITY

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actual or potential relationship between two places

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CONNECTIVITY

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degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places

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DISTANCE DECAY

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decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as distance increases

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DOT MAPS

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thematic maps that use points to show the precise location of specific observations such as crimes or car accidents

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FRICTION OF DISTANCE

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measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places

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FULLER PROJECTION

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map projection that maintains accurate size / shape of landmasses but rearranges directions

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GEOID

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actual shape of the earth;
rough and oblate

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GRAVITY MODEL

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mathematical formula tha describes the level of interaction between two places based on population size and distance from each other

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INTERVENING OPPORTUNITIES

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idea that the closer of two suppliers to a buyer will represent an _____ ____________, blocking the third from being able to share its goods or services

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ISOLINE

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map line that connects points of equal or very similar values

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LARGE-SCALE

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small ratio between map units and ground units.
have higher resolution and cover smaller regions.

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LAW OF RETAIL GRAVITATION

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law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterland

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LOCATION CHARTS

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chart / graph on a map that gives specific statistical information of a particular point or jurisdiction

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MERCATOR PROJECTION

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cylindrical map projection used in navigation. maintains accurate direction but distorts landmasses

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PREFERENCE MAP

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map that displays individual preferences for certain places

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PROPORTIONAL SYMBOLS MAP

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thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the magnitude of a value in a region [ex / large star = large city]

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ROBINSON PROJECTION

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projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors

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RESOLUTION

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a map's smallest discernable unit

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SMALL SCALE

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map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to on earth is small. large areas.

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THEMATIC MAP

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type of map that displays one or more variables such as population or income level within a specific area.

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SPATIAL DIFFUSION

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ways in which phenomena such as technological innovations travel over space

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TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

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maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations

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TOPOLOGICAL SPACE

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ammount of connectivity between places regardless of absolute distance

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TRANSFERABILITY

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costs involved in moving goods from one place to another

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VISUALIZATION

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use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps

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CARRYING CAPACITY

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largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support

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COHORT

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population group unified by a specific common characteristic such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit

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DEMOGRAPHIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION

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equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into accound both natural increase and net migration

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EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

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growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year. compound.

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GENERATION X

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post baby boom generation that will have to support them.

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NEO-MALTHUSIAN

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advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current / future populations

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CULTURAL COMPLEX

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group of traits that define a particular culture

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INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY

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language family including the germanic and romance languages

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ROMANCE LANGUAGES

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any language derived from Latin, Spanish, French, and Romanian

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SINO-TIBETAN FAMILY

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language that covers most of Southeast Asia, comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, & Korean

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SYNCRETIC

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traditions that borrow from both past and present

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CENTRIFUGAL FORCES

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forces that divide a country

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CENTRIPETAL FORCES

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forces that unite a country

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COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

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confederacy of independent states of former USSR that have united because of economic and administrative needs

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DOMINO THEORY

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idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction

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ELECTORAL COLLEGE

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certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population

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CONFEDERATION

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form of international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose

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EAST / WEST DIVIDE

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geographic separation between democratic countries of W. Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of E. Europe and Asia

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EXCLAVE

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bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state

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FEDERALISM

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system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central gov.

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FRAGMENTED STATE

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state that isnt contiguous; made of separate parts

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GEOMETRIC BOUNDARY

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political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines

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GEOPOLITICS

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study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur

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HEARTLAND THEORY

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proposed by Halford Mackinder. holds that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.

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LANDLOCKED STATE

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state completely surrounded by the land of other states

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LAW OF THE SEA

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law establishing states' rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources

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LEBENSRAUM

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Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

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MICROSTATE

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state or territory that is small in both population and area

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NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

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agreement signed January 1, 1994 that allows the opening of borders between the US, Mexico, & Canada

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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

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international organization that has joined together for military purposes

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NORTH / SOUTH DIVIDE

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economic division between wealthy countries of Europe, North America, Japan & Australia and generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa,& Latin America

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ORGANIC THEORY

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view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, & old age

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PERFORATED STATE

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state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

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spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes

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PRORUPTED STATE

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state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory

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REAPPORTIONMENT

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process of reallocation of electoral seats to defined territories

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REDISTRICTING

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drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes

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RIMLAND THEORY

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Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest

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SUBSEQUENT BOUNDARIES

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boundary line established after an area has been settled that considers the social and cultural characteristics of the area

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SUPERIMPOSED BOUNDARIES

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boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern

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SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATION

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organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives

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TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION

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political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land

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ISOLINE

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map line that connects points of equal or very similar values

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LARGE-SCALE

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small ratio between map units and ground units.
have higher resolution and cover smaller regions.

Front 91

LAW OF RETAIL GRAVITATION

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law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterland

Front 92

LOCATION CHARTS

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chart / graph on a map that gives specific statistical information of a particular point or jurisdiction

Front 93

MERCATOR PROJECTION

Back 93

cylindrical map projection used in navigation. maintains accurate direction but distorts landmasses

Front 94

PREFERENCE MAP

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map that displays individual preferences for certain places

Front 95

PROPORTIONAL SYMBOLS MAP

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thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the magnitude of a value in a region [ex / large star = large city]

Front 96

ROBINSON PROJECTION

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projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors

Front 97

RESOLUTION

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a map's smallest discernable unit

Front 98

SMALL SCALE

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map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to on earth is small. large areas.

Front 99

THEMATIC MAP

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type of map that displays one or more variables such as population or income level within a specific area.

Front 100

SPATIAL DIFFUSION

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ways in which phenomena such as technological innovations travel over space

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TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

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maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations

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TOPOLOGICAL SPACE

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ammount of connectivity between places regardless of absolute distance

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TRANSFERABILITY

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costs involved in moving goods from one place to another