Human Geo Final

Front 1

Female Infanticide

Back 1

Some form of sex selection, sometimes called female deselection; found in China, India, Taiwan, Korea, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan & New Guinnea; Ultrasound technology has enabled this practice (banned in India and China); In 2005, 90 million women were estimated to be missing in seven Asian countries; Prior to ultrasound technology infanticide was more common;

Front 2

Chinese First Born

Back 2

IN China 1st born should be male to propgate the family, secure the elderly, provide labor and perform ancestral rites

Front 3

Female's in India

Back 3

In India a female is less worthy because she will leave the family when they marry (patrilocality); Hindu traditions state the the funeral pyre must be ignited by the son

Front 4

Domestic Violence

Back 4

Violence Against Women is seen as a global phenomenon; The UN declared that violence against women by spouses, family, and employers is a human rights violation

Front 5

Rates of Partner Violence

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In 2006 a study based on interviews of 250,000 women in 10 nations showed rates of partner violence ranging from a low of 15% in Japan to a high of 71% in Ethiopia. EU is 20-25%; U.S. 25% an estimated 5 million women in U.S. are victims of domestic violence.

Front 6

Dowry Deaths & Honor Killings

Back 6

this travels with immigration; Deaths of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by harassment and torture by husbands & inlaws to extort an increased Dowry

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Where are Dowry Deaths?

Back 7

Dowry deaths are reported in countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Considered one of the many categories of violence against women in South America

Front 8

When and How of Dowry Deaths

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Most dowry deaths occur when a young women commits suicide. Most of the suicides are by hanging or fire.

Front 9

Dowry Deaths in India

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Indian national crime bureau reports that there were about 6,787 dowry death cases registered in India in 2005

Front 10

Female Genital Mutilation Number

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Estimated 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide are currently living with the consequences of FGM. Amnesty estimates 2 million girls a year are at risk for this.

Front 11

FGM risk in Africa

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3 million girls are at risk annually

Front 12

Health Issues FGM

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FGM has NO health benefits for girls or women. Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating and later potential childbirth complications and newborns deaths.

Front 13

On who is FGM performed?

Back 13

FGM is mostly carried out on young girls sometimes between infancy and 15 years old. FGM is internationally recognized as a human rights violation.

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What is FGM

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FGM Clitoridectomy: partial or total removal of the clitoris &, rarely, the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris as well. Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of the covering seal. Other: all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes i.e. pricking, piercing. incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area.

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FGM consequences

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Recurrent bladder & urinary tract infections; Cysts; Infertility; The need for later surgeries to open up the narrowed vaginal opening; An increased risk of childbirth complications and newborn deaths.

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Causes of FGM

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FGM is a social convention; the social pressure to conform is what other do & have been doing is a strong motivation to perpetuate the practice; motivated by what it is considered "proper" sexual behavior which links FGM to premarital virginity & marital fidelity; believed by some to reduce a woman's libido and help her resist "illicit" sexual acts; FGM is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty. though no religious texts prescribe the practice, practitioners often believe the practice has religious support; Religious leaders take varying positions (promote, indifference, against); cultural tradition; FGM is practiced by new groups when they move into areas where the local populations practices FGM

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Education & Opportunity

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115 million school age children to not attend school. 57% of them are female. 57 million men and 96 million women aged 15 to 24 cannot read. Since 2000, 90 countries are working toward ending gender inequality in primary education by 2015.

Front 18

Human Impact of Environmental Geography

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Alteration of ecosystems (humans have impacted the environment more than any other species.; Examples of environmental stress include-cutting of forests (Deforestation); Emission of pollutants into the atmosphere; burying toxic wastes, dumping garbage, & overuse of pesticides; building seawalls, terraces, dams, and canals

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Water

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Only 3% of the Earth's Water is fresh. Hydrologic cycle is the cyclic transfer of water vapor from the earth's surface via evaporation into the atmosphere and then back to the Earth as precipitation. Then goes through streams lakes and ultimately the ocean.

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Rainfall

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Rainfall is very uneven. There is enough to cover the Earth with 33 inches per year.

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Aquifers

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An aquifer is a wet underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. THEY CONTAIN ABOUT 50 TIMES AS MUCH WATER AS THE EARTH RECEIVES IN A YEAR OF RAINFALL

Front 22

The Politics of Water (Case Study)

Back 22

Isreal consumes more water than Jordan, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Arab/Israel six day war over Golan Heights where Israel gets their water.

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Atmosphere

Back 23

The Air: Provides Oxygen, shields us from the sun's rays, and moderates temperatures. It caries moisture from the oceans over the lands sustaining crops, forests and replenishing soils and wells. It has the ability to self-clean. Climate change resulting from greenhouse gases causing an increase in temperature is an obvious worry. Full effect of climate change should be known by 2050 or much sooner-some models indicate an increase in temperature between 3.5 & 5.5 degrees.

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Troposphere

Back 24

lowest level of the atmosphere

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Stratosphere

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Highest Level of the Atmosphere

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Eruption of Karakatu

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May 20, 1883 the 1st eruption. August 26-27 1883 a series of explosions.

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Power of explosions

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The explosions were 200 times more powerful than Hiroshima and the atom bomb. They threw 5 cubic miles of dirt, rocks, and ash into the atmosphere.

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Sound of Explosion

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Heard in Perth Australia 1,930 miles away.

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Effects of Karakatu

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165 villages and towns were destroyed by the resulting sunami. 36,417 people died

Front 30

The Scream

Back 30

Painting by Edward Munch thought to have a realistic depiction of the volcano eruption in the sky.

Front 31

The Land

Back 31

Global issues that are geographically observable

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Desertification

Back 32

the reduction or elimination of forested land. 14% of the Earth's surface was tropical rainforest

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% if tropical rain forest on the earth

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14% of the Earth's surface was tropical rainforest; now it is 6%

Front 34

Why decrease in rainforest?

Back 34

Clearcutting and logging are largely responsible

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Effects of decreased rain forest

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Will reduce the amount of photosynthesis; equatorial rain forest could be gone in 40 years.

Front 36

Soil Erosion

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wind, water, and overuse responsible.

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Topsoil

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1% of topsoil is lost each year; that is a rate 10 times faster than it takes to replace topsoil;

Front 38

How much topsoil has been lost?

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33% of topsoil has been lost; Iowa had 12"-16" of topsoil 150 years ago. now it is down to 6"-8" inches.

Front 39

Trash and Waste

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Man's Impact on the Land.

Front 40

Solid Waste

Back 40

Americans produce 4.6 lbs. of trash per day (EPA). NYC produces about 12,000 tons per day =24,000,000 lbs. per day.

Front 41

Sanitary Land fills

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8,000 in 1988 reduced to 1,767 in 2002.

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Superfund List

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EPA established superfund list after the Love Canal tragedy in 1980 (Dangerous toxins in Love Canal Water)

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Superfund Sites

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Those that need to be cleaned up because they are a threat to humans & the environment are placed on the National Priority List (NPL)

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National Priority List (NPL)

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Currently the NPL contains 1,305 sites.

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Radioactive Waste

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Yucca Mountain. The federal gov't plans to bury nuclear waste in a huge cave in Nevada under 150,000 acres of federal land. (Disney world is 47 sq. miles = 30,080 acres)

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Biodiversity

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Biological Diversity: refers to all aspects of life found on the Earth within all ecosystems.

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Species

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National Science Foundation (NSF) previously thought that there were about 31 million species and after an 8 yr study that # has been reduced to 4-6 milliion

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Identified Species

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Out of 4-6 million only 1.5 million have been identified; maybe 2 million.

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Threatened Species

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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has identified threatened species. 40% of fish, 12% of birds; 23% of mammals.

Front 50

The 6th Extinction

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Concept developed by Niles Eldridge who also wrote a book entitled "Life in Balance: Humanity & Biodiversity Crisis"

Front 51

Human Forces of Change

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Population: Almost 7 billion doubling ever 50-60 yrs.

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Consumption

Back 52

US children will consume 250x more energy in their lifetime than children in Bangledash.

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Transportation

Back 53

from 1850 to 1970 San Francisco Bay received a new pelagic (lives in water) species every 36 weeks, it is now every 12 weeks

Front 54

Economic Geography

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Industrial Activity & Geographic Location (where and why do we find industrial activity) OR The reasons behind the location of economic activity OR Understanding the forces and factors that shaped the world's industrial layout (colonialism and capitalism had something to do with this.)

Front 55

Pre-Industrial World

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Geographers say: Industrial activity (pottery) was happening before the industrial revolution in India, China, Japan, Middle East & Europe. (pnieceans were traveling the world trading); Workshops and artisans were making items for sale and even export (pottery, blacksmith)

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Industrial Revolution (geographers)

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A time of acceleration and diffusion of business activity

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Industrial Revolution (historians)

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The time when man began to make things by machine rather than by hand. (Lamb brothers and silk mill in England)

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Location Decision

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Primary Industries; Secondary Industries

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Primary Industries

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(fishing, farming, mining) Develop where some or all of the resources are located (i.e. a coal mine needs coal.)

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Secondary Industries

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Less dependent on resource location. Raw materials can be transported to distant locations if the PROFIT OUTWEIGHS THE COST.

Front 61

Variable Costs of Industry

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(energy transportation, labor) these influence location. (i.e. energy source, price of land, cheap labor can change location)

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Friction of Distance

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(an increase in time and cost that comes with increasing distance)

Front 63

Distance Decay

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(Corollary to friction of distance) The impact of an economic activity will decline as one moves away from the point of origin.

Front 64

Alfred Weber

Back 64

(1868-1958) German scholar considered the father of Economic Geography. Prof at the University of Heidelberg; Went underground to fight Hitler during WWII. Reinstated as professor in 1945. His brother is considered founder of sociology.

Front 65

Weber's Least Cost Theory

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Weber saw economic activity as determined by "factors" Successful businesses combined the "factors" to maximize profits. (you could grow into it i.e. diesel engines in boats from mechanic Ringhaver.)

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"Factors"

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Labor (U.S. population was capable of being a labor force); Land; Capital (Investment Money); Raw Materials; Energy; Infrastructure (Docks, railroads, water).

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Weber's Substitution Principle

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(These can change location) Cheaper labor, inexpensive land, friendly taxation policies (i.e. New Jersey), consumer demand, political climate, environmental condition. (Declaring the value of an Ace in a card game)

Front 68

What Influences the Development of Major Industrial Economies?

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Resource Endowment; Relative Location; Political Circumstances (more stable gov't more economic development); Economic leadership (i.e. Flagler); Labor costs; Levels of Education/Training.

Front 69

Summary of Historical Diffusion of Industrialism (WWII)

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Through WWII; Britain begins industrializing (coal, iron ore, belt) Diffusion begins to the east (Belgium, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic) and then to the west (US)

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Summary of Historical Diffusion Mid-20th Century

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Britain, Western Europe and the U.S. have a head start due to previous industrial organization. By the time energy shifted from coal to oil & natural gas, the head start countries controlled those resources.

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Major Industrial Regions of the WOrld

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At the end of 20th Century; Western & Central Europe; North America; Russia and Ukraine (industrial revolution reaches Russia during Stalin Years); Eastern Asia (after WWII we re-built Japan)

Front 72

Four Tigers of Asia

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South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore; They became so powerful that China wanted in.

Front 73

How to Measure & Classify Nations Economically (Classic Version)

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Underdeveloped, Developing, Developed.

Front 74

Rethinking of Nations Classifications

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A fluid thought. Periphery, Semi-periphery, Core (refers to not only economic development but political power.)

Front 75

Liberal Models of Development

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All countries are capable of development.

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Structuralist Model of Development (conservative)

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Disparities exist and very little can be changed.

Front 77

Walt Rostow

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(1960s) Created the Modernization Model. Died in 2003

Front 78

The 5 Stages of Development

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Modernization Model; 1. Traditional (substinance farming); 2. Preconditions of take off (progressive leadership could be political or economical) 3. Takeoff (an industrial revolution) 4. Drive to maturity (modernization) 5. High Mass Consumption (service sector is dominant.) i.e. where the U.S. is now.

Front 79

Measuring Economic Development

Back 79

GDP is traditional way of measurement. Quickest way of measuring countries. GDP is amazingly instant comparison.

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GDP

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Gross Domestic Product. The total value of a country divided by each person in that country. This number includes exports

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Per Capita GDP in U.S. Dollars.

Back 81

U.S. =$46,000. U.K. =$34,800; Germany =$34,100; Japan =$32,700; China =$6,600 divided by so many people); Kuwait =$52,800 (small country, lots of oil; Nigeria =$2,300 (should be rich because of oil); Luxembourg =$88,000; Zimbabwe =$100.

Front 82

Alternative Measures of Economic Development

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(Geographers and economists may not agree) Occupational Structure of the labor force (agriculture, manufacturing, and service); Productivity per worker (how to measure); Consumption of energy per person (How much oil do we use?); Transportation and Communication facilities per person; Dependency ration (an age population ratio of those not in the labor force & those in teh labor force 15-64)

Front 83

Dependency Ratio

Back 83

Expressed as a %. U.S. is 51%, Sierra Leone is 89%. Japan is 49%, Rwanda is 1% but Cuba is 43%

Front 84

Social Indicator Rates

Back 84

Good! Life expectancy: Sierra Leone =42.6; U.S. =78.2; Infant Mortality; Sierra Leone =160.3/1000; U.S. 6.3/1000. (Death of mother measured up to 42 days)

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Human Development Index

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Comparative Measure of Life Expectancy, literacy, education (number of school age children in school), and standard of living (largely life expectancy). Created in 1990 by a Pakistanii scholar, a Yale Professor, and professor from teh London School of Economics.

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HDI Score

Back 86

Perfect score is 1.0 (nobody gets that, highly developed countries =.9) Top: 1.Norway, 2.Australia, 3.New Zealand, 4. U.S., 5. Ireland. BOTTOM. Afgahnistan, Guinnea, Sierra Leone

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Social Geography

Back 87

Global disparities in Nutrition and health.

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Proper Nutrition

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In correct amounts, carbs, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fats plus caloric intake.

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Caloric Intake

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FAO says 2,360; World Bank says 2,500; USDA says 2,800 if you are 5'10" and weigh 174 lbs.

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Dietary Balance

Back 90

Nutrition plus calories.

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Hidden Hunger

Back 91

Adequate calories & low protein.

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Malnourishment

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1/6th of the world's population is malnourished. Caused by failure of distribution, inability to pay, cultural practices that favor males.

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Food Security -Risks for the Future

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Population increases beyond expectations; (Neo-Malthusian) Climatic Change; Fresh Water supply problems; Increased energy costs (goes up as food goes up and vice-versa) Failure of alternative food source; persistence of colonial systems; loss of farmland

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Mitigating the Risks to Food

Back 94

Formulate population policies; Sustain the green revolution; Expand farmlands -Africa 60% of the land could be farmed but isn't; Stimulate local production; Encourage land reform; Improve food distribution; Develop alternative food sources. Strengthen controls over ocean fishing; reduce meat consumption; promote social and cultural change i.e. men eating first.

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Measuring Health Issues

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Infant Mortality (death before 1 yrs. old) Child Mortality (death before 5 yrs. old) Life expectancy rate.

Front 96

Type of Disease

Back 96

Infectious disease- 65% of all human illnesses (common cold, measles, tuberculosis); Chronic Diseases -diseases that are prolonged and are rarely cured completely (asthma, congestive heart failure, diabetes); Genetic -caused by an abnormality in genetic material (cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy.)

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Distribution of Diseases

Back 97

Epidemic -regionally high % of cases that can result in a large number of deaths (meningitis outbreak) Pandemic-spreads around the world (influenza, bird flu) Endemic -common to a population (mononucleosis and college students)

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How diseases Spread (Diffuse)

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Vector-a host must be present and infect a person, contact with an infected person is not enough (i.e. malaria and the female Anopheles mosquito); Vehicles a.k.a. mechanical vectors -water (cholera) soil, food, and feces; Non vectored-contact required with the infected person (common cold) (CDC employs medical geographers)

Front 99

Gender Inequalities in Geographic Perspective

Back 99

Gender & Geography; A biological connotation & social connotation. Inequalities between the sexes. Issues unique to women. Demography and life expectancy. Longevity gap about 4 yrs. globally. 5-7 yrs in economic core countries. Longevity gap is a focus study area for scholars world-wide.