Human Genetics Chapter 8

Front 1

Age of onset for schizophrenia is

Back 1

early adulthood

Front 2

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect

Back 2

thinking

Front 3

The existence of MZ twin pairs in which only one has autism suggests that

Back 3

the environment contributes to autism.

Front 4

Harold is so sad that for months he can barely get out of bed. If he does, he just sits at the kitchen table with his head on his hands, unable to function. Yet for a few weeks, about every four or five months, he reverses mood. He becomes chatty and animated, uncharacteristically spending lavishly. Harold most likely has

Back 4

bipolar disorder.

Front 5

Schizophrenia affects about ____ percent of the population.

Back 5

1.0

Front 6

The molecular explanation for narcolepsy is that

Back 6

the orexin/hypocretin receptor is missing, abnormal in structure, or unable to move to the surface of certain brain cells, blocking signals to stay awake.

Front 7

Natasha has schizophrenia. The probability that her young brother Boris develops schizophrenia too is about ___ times the general worldwide population risk.

Back 7

9

Front 8

The biological basis of autism may be

Back 8

interference with the ability to form synapses during childhood that are a response to experience, impairing learning and memory.

Front 9

A likely biological basis of major depressive disorder is

Back 9

reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane that are overactive, depleting serotonin in the synapse.

Front 10

Which choice accurately conveys the complexity of neural connections in the human brain?

Back 10

about 100 billion neurons each contact 1,000 to 10,000 other neurons

Front 11

Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active component of

Back 11

marijuana

Front 12

The lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is

Back 12

5 - 10%.

Front 13

Schizophrenia means "split _____".

Back 13

mind

Front 14

Researchers estimate that about _____ genes are involved in behavioral disorders.

Back 14

100-300

Front 15

The parts of the brain where addiction arises are

Back 15

the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, and the prefrontal cortex.

Front 16

The average score on an IQ test, such as the Stanford-Binet, is

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100

Front 17

Justus lifts weights several hours a day. He spends a great deal of time at the gym admiring his firm muscles from several angles. He follows a high protein diet and takes amino acid supplements to make his muscles bulge. Justus is very concerned that the muscles are much too small. He likely has

Back 17

muscle dysmorphia

Front 18

A gene variant that, when homozygous, may be common to people with addictions to different substances is

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the A1 allele of the dopamine D(2) receptor

Front 19

Candidate genes for the inherited components of mood disorders and mental illnesses affect

Back 19

signal transduction and neurotransmission.

Front 20

The first narcolepsy gene was discovered in

Back 20

dogs

Front 21

Two proteins that control synapse formation in response to environmental stimuli in early childhood and that might lie behind autism when abnormal are

Back 21

neurexin and neuroligin.

Front 22

Erica constantly needs to take more cocaine to get the same effect. She is exhibiting

Back 22

tolerance

Front 23

Genetic contribution to intelligence increases with age because

Back 23

a person has greater control over his or her environment.

Front 24

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are

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tolerance and dependence.

Front 25

SSRIs such as Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft are widely prescribed to treat

Back 25

major depressive disorder.

Front 26

The part of the human brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle is called the

Back 26

suprachiasmatic nuclei.

Front 27

Some drugs are plant products that can bind neural receptors in a human body because the body makes a similar chemical. Endorphins are the human equivalent of

Back 27

opiates

Front 28

A treatment that may help patients who do not respond to antidepressant drugs is

Back 28

electroconvulsive therapy.

Front 29

Schizophrenia differs from dementia in that it

Back 29

is episodic rather than degenerative.

Front 30

Anandamide (and THC) differ from neurotransmitters in that they bind

Back 30

presynaptic receptors

Front 31

Genes can affect behavior by encoding proteins that

Back 31

function as neurotransmitter transporters, neurotransmitter receptors, and enzymes that control the synthesis of neurotransmitters and myelin.

Front 32

A synapse is

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a space between neurons.

Front 33

A person with narcolepsy may experience

Back 33

cataplexy, in which he or she suddenly collapses.

Front 34

In the 1980s, when researchers began seeking gene variants that can cause or contribute to bipolar disorder, it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations. These findings, looking back, most likely mean that

Back 34

Many gene variant combinations cause or contribute to bipolar disorder, but only a few such variants are seen in any one family.

Front 35

Which choice accurately conveys the complexity of neural connections in the human brain?

Back 35

about 100 billion neurons each contact 1,000 to 10,000 other neurons

Front 36

The existence of MZ twin pairs in which only one has autism suggests that

Back 36

the environment contributes to autism.

Front 37

The biological basis of nicotine addiction is that nicotine binds

Back 37

the part of the nicotinic receptor that otherwise binds the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Binding releases dopamine, which causes the pleasurable feelings.

Front 38

The first intelligence tests, developed in the late 19th century, tested a person's

Back 38

sensory perception and reaction time.

Front 39

The best description of the probable role that genes play in behavioral disorders is that

Back 39

single genes with major influences as well as small inputs from common gene variants contribute to susceptibility to behavioral disorders, perhaps requiring environmental triggers.

Front 40

Evidence that sleep has an inherited component is that

Back 40

MZ twins share more sleep characteristics than do DZ twins.

Front 41

Dr. Gregory House, a character on a television program, experiences severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking hydrocodone, which is a drug that he originally took for leg pain, but has not been able to give up. He is exhibiting

Back 41

dependence

Front 42

Bipolar disorder affects about __ percent of the U.S. population.

Back 42

1

Front 43

A neurotransmitter that might contribute to causing autism if levels are abnormal is

Back 43

glutamate

Front 44

Environmental factors that might cause or contribute to schizophrenia include

Back 44

maternal malnutrition.

Front 45

LSD binds receptors that normally bind

Back 45

trace amines

Front 46

Viruses that may cause of contribute to development of schizophrenia are

Back 46

influenza virus, Borna virus, and herpes virus.

Front 47

As individuals age, heritability of IQ

Back 47

increases

Front 48

Causes of mental retardation include single-gene and chromosomal disorders, infection, malnutrition, poisoning, and problems before or during birth.

Back 48

true

Front 49

Which of the following psychiatric disorders has the highest risk of death?

Back 49

anorexia nervosa