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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lethal Alleles |
Causes death before the individual can reproduce. -dwarfism -mexican hairless dogs |
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Multiple Alleles |
Genes that maw exist in more than 2 alleles. -PKU -Cystic Fibrosis |
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Incomplete Dominance |
when a heterozygote has an intermediate form -snapdragons -familial hypercholestermia (high cholesteral) |
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Co-Dominance |
when the heterozygote alleles are both expressed simultaneously -blood type |
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Epistasis |
when one gene affects the expression of a second gene -Bombay phenotype |
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Penetrance |
refers to "all or none" expression -incomplete = have it, dont show it -polydactyl |
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Expressivity |
refers to severity or extent -mild, moderate, or profound deafness |
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Pleiotrophy |
when one gene influences many symptoms -prophylin variegate |
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Phenocopies |
trait caused by environment that mimics an inherited condition -thalidomide:limb defect: mimics phocomelia -Robella caused deafness |
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Genetic Heterogeneity |
different genes produce identical phenotypes -albinism -cleft palette |
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Haplotype |
the set of alleles inherited on one chromosome due to linkage disequilibrium; mapping haplotypes shows where crossing over/recombination occurs |
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Recombinant DNA |
recombinant = crossing over |
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Linked Genes |
genes on the same chromosome |
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Likelihood of Crossing Over |
based on percentage of meiotic divisions that result in breakage of linkage between parental alleles; the frequency of recombination between 2 genes is proportional to the distance between them |
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Linkage Maps |
1% recombination = 1 map unit = 1 centimorgan map distances are additive |
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Homoplasmic |
when all of the mtDNA carries all of a mutation or is all normal |
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Heteroplasmic |
when there is some mtDNA that is mutated and some mtDNA that isn't |
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mtDNA |
-inherited by mother -sperm does not contribute because mitochondria does not penetrate egg -mutates faster -lacks DNA repair -many copies per cell -37 genes -no histones or introns |
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Blood Types |
A B AB or O |
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A blood |
Ia i
Ia Ia A antigens Anti-B can give blood to A and AB can receive blood from A and O |
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B Blood |
Ib i
Ib Ib B antigens Anti-A can give blood to B and AB can receive blood from B and O |
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AB blood |
Ia Ib A and B antigens no antibodies can give blood to AB universal recipient |
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O blood |
i i no antigens Anti-A and anti-B can give blood to A B AB and O can receive blood from O universal donor |
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Mitochondrial Disease |
mitochondrial myopathies -weak and flaccid muscles leber optical atrophy -impaired vision |
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Cis vs. Trans |
cis = 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles are on each chromosome
trans = 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele are on each chromosome |
