Human Evolution Exam 3

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Miocene ad Pliocene-Pleistocene
Dates?

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5.5-1 mya---- Pleiocene-Pleisto?
22.5 -5.5 mya--- Miocene
Very important periods for human evolution

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What trait unites all hominids?
Why bipedality?

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Habitual and obligate bipedals
-Carrying (the need to free up hands in order to carry children & food) - Hunting (that in order to be a good hunter need to have hands free to throw spears)-Seed & nut gathering
---baboons rise up on hind legs to collect seeds & nuts-Thermoregulation
----when quadrapedal, receiving more sun's rays as compared to bipedal
----- more efficient to maintain homeostasis when bipedal
-Visual surveillance
--- to avoid predation, had to stand up and see

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Major body changes with bipedality include:

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- Foramen magnum- spine changes shape;
-Pelvis becomes more bowl shaped
-Femur angle wider & femur neck longer
-No divergentBig toe (all-> in line)
-Less curvature in the toes.

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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Central Africa: Chad
--6-7 mya
--350 cc
Some think biped. Others think ape that predated hominids. -->contender for first hominid
-Supraorbital torus decreases.
-Postorbital constriction
-Prognathism

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Orrorin tugenensis

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East Africa: Kenya (only Central African fossil)
-6mya ,forested warm climate
-cc not known
-thick molar enamel
-Femur with long necks shows that bipedal.
-Earliest first hominin?

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Ardipithecus ramidus or Ardipithecus Kadabba

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East Africa: Ethiopia
AK-- 5.8-4.4 mya, warm wet forest
300-350 cc
Bipedal
Has thinner molar enamel
Some morphological differences bw the 2 but not enough to tell- are different species

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Australopithecus anamensis

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Kenya & Ethiopia, 4.2-3.8 mya
??cc
A. afaransis ancestor? (to Lucy)
Sexually dimorphic canines
??cc
A. afaransis ancestor? (to Lucy)
Sexually dimorphic canines

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Australopithecus afarensis

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Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania 3.6-2.9 mya
MNI- 60 (minimum number of individuals)
Variable brain size 375-500 ccs
3-4 ft tall
Diastema
Large cheek teeth (posterior ones)
Large sexual dimorphism 160+ lbs

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Lucy's baby found in ethiopia (A. afarensis)

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2-3 yrs old
Dikkia- evidence for stone tool assisted consumption of animals?
3.9mya- Were the aferensis using tools to eat animals? If true, tool used would be pushed back quite a bit. This is what distinguishes homo
habilis from aus. aferensis. If push back to aferensis, then ideas about cognitive ability changes.
-1st kind of evidence
-3-4 mya
Hominids first to use tools so dating this back important

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Paranthropus Traits

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more robust--> separate genus?
-East and South Africa
Postorbital constriction
Sagittal crests in males
-heavy robust temporalis muscles
Small anterior teeth
Huge posterior teeth
-Diet: tough & lots of chewing
Flared zygomatic arches
-massetter (another chewing muscle) attaches to it
Dished midface

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Paranthropus aethiopicus

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-From Ethiopia, Kenya
-first robust hominid seen
-2.5 mya, 410 cc
Males-sagittal crest
Thick enamel
Small anterior teeth relative to posterior teeth
Particular fossil referred to as "The Black Skull"
-Ancestral to all Paranthropus species or just boisei?
-Some think just ancestral to boisei; Others think to all (both in East Africa and robustus from S. Africa)

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Geography related to hominids.
Where in Africa found?

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There's only 3 in S. africa: P. robustus, A. Afarensis, and one more
One in Chad (Central Africa)
And then all the rest are in East Africa

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Paranthropus boisei

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~hyperrobust
Only from East Africa
-Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi
-2.3-1.4 mya
500-530 cc
-still has postorbital constriction
Males have sagittal crest
Very sexually dimorphic
Huge mandibles
Teeth have thick enamel
Bipedal (inefficient in relation to humans)

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South Africa Hominins

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Raymond Dart & Taung baby
-Hypothesized that humans didn't evolve in Europe but rather in Africa
-was shunned by this idea until he found Taung baby (2.5-3 years old; victim of bird of prey)
--A. africanus

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Australopithecus africanus

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Taung baby, Sterkfontein, etc
3-2 mya (relative dating)
440-510cc
Projecting face
Thick enamel
No diastema
Biped
In one africaus, there's evidence of leopard prey marks in its skull. Was eaten by a leopard.

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Australopithecus sediba

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1.97 mya, Malapa
420 cc (MH1, subadult (not yet fully grown), 95% growth of brain done)
Small posterior teeth, flat face
Ancestral to Homo or Homo? (genus or species)
There's sediment attached up on the fossil, but there was a tooth, where a bubble had formed around it. Dental microwear came out very
accurate.
There's Malapa Homind 1 & 2.

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Paranthropus robustus

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1.7mya, Kromdraai
500cc
Crania, teeth not as big as E. African forms
-first Paranthropus fossil found which is why called robustus
Thick enamel
Small incisors
Large mandible
Is the only S. African Paranthropus

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Homo General Trends

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inc cranial vault thickness
inc cranial vault height
reduced post-orbital constriction
reduced facial prognathism
reduced length of tooth row
Narrow tooth crowns
foramen magnum moves anteriorly
-First 3- brain enlargement, next two w/ reduction of jaws, last w/ bipedalism

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First Homo found: Homo habilis= "handy man"

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Olduvai Gorge, 1961
Louis & Mary Leakey
Larger brain (684cc), more human-like teeth
-we get a big jump in brain size
*Stone tools! Considered the adaptive strategy of Homo
˜can remember by thinking of Louis Handsy Leakey

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Homo habilis craniodental characters

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Max, mandible smaller than Australopithecus
Intermediary brain size: brain size bw Australopithecus & H. erectus
Retreating chin, sloping "forehead"
Large Incisor, Molar size comparable to Austra & H. erectus
Canines large relative to Posterior Molar

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Homo habilis had a big strong thumb

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very important in tool use.
-Beginning of precision grip
-Thumb is human-like in opposability (can touch opposite finger).
OH8 foot- big toe in line with others, longitudinal arches
Weight: 25-40kg (55-88lbs)
-sexual dimorphism with weight; females lighter, males heavier

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Early Homo habilis dates

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2.1-1.6 mya (2.6 mya??)
Found in East & South African sites

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Two species? H. habilis (early) & H. rudolfensis (late)

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H. habilis (earlier than rudolfensis)
Smaller brain (<600cc) & body
Smaller jaw, teeth
2-rooted upper premolars
Narrow face
Stronger supraorbital torus (browridge)

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H. rudolfensis (comes later than H. habilis)

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Larger brain & body
Larger jaw, teeth
3-rooted upper premolar
Broad face
Reduced supraorbital torus (browridge)

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Origins of Tool Use

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Raymond Dart proposed first culture... "Ostodontokeratic" (Osteo=bone, donto=tooth, Keratic=anther)
Associated with Australopithecus africanus at Swartkrans
He hypothesized first use of tools by hominids specifically associated withAfricanus
Turned out to be remains from hyena eating an animal. The bones were leftover & assumed to be tools.

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Oldowan technology

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Discovered by Louis Leakey
2.5 mya, simple choppers, scrapers, & pounders (very simple tools)
-would scrape plants, bones, etc.
Associated bones have cut marks that can be associated with the tools.
Microscopic wear indicates use for processing meat, bone wood, plants
Primitive instant pocket-knife

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Tool use & Meat

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Tools + meat= bigger brain?
-some say that the 2 together lead to a bigger brain.
How did hominids (homs) procure meat?
3 Hypothesis

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3 Hypothesis for Tool use & Meat

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1. Hunting vs. Scavenging
2. Confrontational scavenging
3. Passive Scavenging

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1. Hunting vs. Scavenging

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-That habilis were fully adept at hunting and cooperating to the point that they're
able to hunt large prey.

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2. Confrontational scavenging

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-habilis not able to get large prey on their own so needed another top predator
(like large cat) to kill the prey.

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3. Passive Scavenging

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-Not either, but able to take the leftovers of the predator. Would take not the
most preferable part of the kill, but the scraps.

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"Man the Hunter"

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1966: Men hunt while women gather
Men: assumes clever hunter, provider, conqueror, intelligent
Problem: Up to 85% protien needs? Provided by women. The men would be
successful once a month.

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Scavenging

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Tooth marks an cut-marks on bones
Carnivore tooth marks left at meaty parts of bones
Hominin tool marks are on top of carnivore tooth mars.
Suggests scavenging.

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Homo erectus

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Evolved in Africa at 1.8-1.9 mya, but....
First to leave Africa.
--> this is why humans came from Africa
Dates: 1.8- 0.3?? mya
Dating is ambigious. End date is not definite, debated.

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Why is Homo erectus the first one to leave Africa? Why didn't any of the hominids prior • to erectus leave?

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◦First evidence of erectus
‣ 1.8-1.9mya: Climate change is seen
‣ Continuation of cooling climate. Forests receding and more open grassland.
‣ Result? Adaptive shift! Larger brains & bodies, smaller teeth (Diet change= predator status?)
• at first erectus adapts to the climate change. Morphology changes, diet changes, maybe becomes a predator (meaning now is capable of being a full adept hunter.. doesn't mean that not a scavenger anymore).
‣ Paranthropus intensified the adaptations it already had.. meaning saggital crest, huge teeth intensified.
• Sustained for another 1 my but then went extinct
◦Hunter gatherer? Following herds?
‣ Other species of animals start migrating. Erectus relies on meat so follows.
‣ Erectus ate meat. There's indication that habilis also ate meat (first one).

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Homo erectus fossils

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Called Pithecanthropus erectus
◦Sinanthropus pekinensis
• S. Africa (Swartkrans) & E. Africa (h. ergaster)
• Europe? (Homo antecessor?) that a European hominid before ergaster?

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Pithecanthropus erectus

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1st one found in Trinil, Java 1891
◦found by Duboi
◦femur & skull cap

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◦Sinanthropus pekinensis

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• China- Zhoukoudian cabe- 1930s
◦Beginning of WWII
‣ Japanese invaded China so Americans wanted to get a hold of them. Once they were shipped to Chinese coast, the originals get " lost";

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Homo erectus Anatomy- craniodental

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• Brain size: 700-1200cc
◦Humans are about 1350cc
• Supraorbital torus (big brow ridge)
• Sagittal & metopic keel
◦sagittal keel-(smaller version of the sagittal crest)
◦extends down the forehead (known as the metopic keel)
• Increase in cranial bone thickness
• Receding chin & "forehead
◦chin & forehead slope back; doesn't vertically go up
• "Shovel shaped" incisor

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Homo erectus Anatomy- Postcranial

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• Turkana (Narioktomo) boy (12 yr old)
◦would've been 6 ft tall when fully grown
◦Modern limb proportions- meaning legs were longer than arms, similar to modern humans
◦Femur similar to modern Homo (angle, flaring of the femurs, etc.)
◦Narrow pelvis (good for running; increased efficiency for bipedalism)
‣ still some primitive features (ie. flares)
◦Average H. erectus height 5'5", weight 128 lbs

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Homo ergaster vs. Homo erectus Asia vs. Europe

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• Homo erectus
◦Asia, thicker cranial bones, more pronounced supraorbital torus
• Homo ergaster
◦Africa, found in republic of Georgia, thinner cranial bones, reduced supraorbital torus, no sagittal keel,

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Archaic Homo sapiens

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• Middle Pleistocene
• Have more advanced features tan H. erectus
• general term for Archaic homo sapeins or Advanced Homo erectus
• How differ from H. erectus:
◦larger brain (1000-1400)
◦taller cranial vaults due to increase in brain size (imagine a string pulling up cranium)
◦smaller supraorbital tori
• How differ from H. sapiens
◦large faces
‣ modern humans have a more gracile, not as broad face
◦thicker, lower cranial vaults
◦have a very small supraorbital tori (aka superciliary arch)
• *postorbital constriction stops with erectus' brain size expansion

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Archaic Homo sapiens from Africa

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◦600-125 kya, based on 4 crania
◦crania from Bodo- has cut marks on face
‣ suggested due from ritual secondary burials (usu. scaffold body on high top for birds to eat flesh & then bundle
the bones up & bury them-- usu. in islands where land space is limited)

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• Archaic Homo sapiens from Asia

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Asia

◦200-130 kya
◦China & India

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• Archaic Homo sapiens from Europe

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Below 1 gave rise to 2, 2 to 3, etc
• Homo antecessor (sometimes aka european homo erectus)
• Homo heidelbergensis (in the middle)
• Homo neanderthalensis
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

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Homo antecessor

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Exclusively known from cave system sites in Spain
• Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina: Atapuerca cave system
◦atapuerca- general name for site of many caves; antecessor found in 2 caves
• 1.2-1.1 mya (s del e) & 800 kya (gran dolina)
• Mandible, flake tools, animal & human bones with cut marks
◦reconstructions give sense of cannibalism but no evidence of that
• Anatomical features
◦100 fragments of bone, teeth
◦3-20 yrs old
◦1000cc
◦Supraorbital torus
‣ instead of straight across, it's arched
◦Slightly prognathic face
‣ continues through hedielbergensis but not in anatomically modern humans
◦Dental eruption: similar to modern
◦5'6'-6'tall, 100-150 lbs
◦Tools: African Oldowan (butchery, wood traces)

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Homo heidelbergensis

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• Transitioning specie
• 600-150 kya
• 1000-1390 ccc
• originally found in 1907, Mauer mandible in Germany
• Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca
• Petralona, Greece
• Bilzingsleben, Germany

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Homo heidelbergensis found in Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca

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• Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca
◦MNI: 28 (ages 4-35 yrs), 400-600kya
◦1100-1390 cc
◦Vertical shaft.. for burial? Ritual?
‣ some say symbolic of ritual burial at the bottom of a cave... bear killings, etc?
• still no forehead, it slopes up
• bigger nose for warming the air before it goes to lungs

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Homo heidelbergensis from Bilzingsleben, Germany

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◦Spengler, 1927, Germany
◦414-300 kya
◦25 cranial frags, 7 moolars, 100K artifacts
◦strong supraorbital torus, thick cranial bones
◦phytoliths, fauna evidence tell us timer period was= interglacials (warm woodland environment)

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Homo neanderthalensis
-this name assumes that neanderthals are a different species

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Most fossils found in Europe
Also found in Near East, W. Asia
150K-25K years ago
1500cc (larger brains that Homo sapiens
--emphasis was on the back side/ primitive parts of the brain (football shaped brain)
--not that they were smarter but rather a different organization of the brain
Lots of fossils (275+ skeletons, >70 sites)

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Neanderthal background info

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Engis (1830)- Belgian site where very first Neanderthal fossil found; of a Neanderthal child
Neander Valley (1856)- first fossils recognized as Neanderthal were recognized
-this is 3 years before Darwin published his Origin of Species

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Neanderthal Craniodental Traits

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• Browride
◦smaller than Archaic forms but still a supraorbital torus there
Occipital bun
Large teeth & noses
Receding chin
-modern human chins come straight down vertically
Shovel shaped incisors
Retro-molar space *exclusive to neanderthals; no other species has this
--- meaning they have a little more space after the 3rd molar

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Neanderthal sites/fossils

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Amud 1 Neandertal
1700cc
-largest known hominin size
La Ferassei 1
Shanidar 1-- from Iraq
-- has anterior wear; was missing right arm so may have used front teeth as a 2nd hand

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Neanderthal Post cranial traits

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-Large bones, large muscles
-Were extremely muscular & athletic
-could kick our butts in Olympics
-110-143 libs
-5'4'to 5'6'
*robust

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Neanderthal Language

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Language: Hyoid bone from Kebara Cave, Israel
-had the capability of speech
-may not have been able to produce the vowels sounds though

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Neanderthal Diet

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Dental microwear & stable isotope evidence
-lots of mean intake
In the southern territory & Middle East, there was a greater reliance on plants (in warmer woodland areas); in northern
colder areas, more meat

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Neanderthal Behavior

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Unique incisor wear pattern
-were clamping & grasping (processing hides)
- warm woodland areas weren't using incisors in this way.
-use of teeth as tools

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Neanderthal Technology

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Middle Paleolithic tools: Mousterian tools
-variation according to geography
-Bifaces, cores, flaked tools, variation exists geographically & temporally
-worked on both sides of stone
-Mousterian: a lot of side scrapers
Late Neandertals: Upper Paleolithic technology (blades)
-didn't do on their own, but rather copied modern human tools such as blades
-Upper Paleolithic is always associated with Modern Humans; all types of blades
Chatelperronian- tools associated with modern humans
-Some say Neanderthals were learning from H. sapiens; other that Neanderthals are finding the blades (w/o interaction bw the 2 species)

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Other Neanderthal random info

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Neandertals were not dumb
There were red-headed & fair skinned
Very sophisticated tools.
Very little art
Some ritualistic behavior
--manganese oxide- a pigment
Care for the injured: story of Nandy
-Nandy from Shanidar was an amputee; lived after the accident so evidence that he was taken care of for about 6-8
wks until nandy healed
Burial Practices: Shanidar 4
-evidence that flowers were at burial sites
Evidence of cannibalism
-Krapina cutmarks
-can show that were cutting each other but not sure if they consumed each other

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Neanderthal extinction? What happened to them?

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OIS 3 + Migrating Homo sapiens from Africa lead to extinction
-there were a lot of ossicilations; each decaded of weather showed climate changes
Huge megafaunal extinction at OIS3 as well
Last few in Spain & Portugal (24,500ya)
There's some suggestion that a hybrid in portugal?
-possible that H. sapiens & neandertaals reproduced

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Neanderthal & Homo sapien Love child?

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Portugal, Lapedo Valley
24,000 ya
DNA? Not sure if they were able to produce a viable offspring
--wer're not sure