Human Endocrinology - Control Of Energy Homeostasis And The Endocrine Pancreas

Front 1

(Anabolism/Catabolism) is the breakdown of large macromolecules

Back 1

Catabolism

Front 2

(Anabolism/Catabolism) is the synthesis of large macromolecules

Back 2

Anabolism

Front 3

Whether the body stores or utilises energy is under the control of the __________ system

Back 3

endocrine

Front 4

What are the 2 concepts that drive the control of metabolism

Back 4

1. Food intake is intermittent
2. Brain depends on glucose as a primary energy source

Front 5

What are the 3 process that relies on the catabolism?

Back 5

Muscle contraction
Transport
Secretion

Front 6

What are the 3 process that relies on anabolism?

Back 6

Tissue function
Growth repair
Storage molecules

Front 7

The term for the amount of energy expended per unit time is known as...

Back 7

the metabolic rate

Front 8

List some factors that influence the body's metabolic rate

Back 8

Muscular activity
Age
Gender
Body's surface area
Environmental temperature

Front 9

Define basal metabolic rate

Back 9

The rate of energy expenditure of a person who is awake lying down, physically and mentally relaxed, fasted for 12 hours and in a thermoneutral environment 20C

Front 10

The BMR is the energy required only for the functioning of _____ _____

Back 10

vital organs

Front 11

The BMR can be determined by measuring the rate of _____ _________

Back 11

oxygen consumption

Front 12

What is the equation of metabolic rate (kJh-1)?

Back 12

rate at which the individual is using up oxygen (lmin-1) x 60 (min)

Front 13

What is used to measure the oxygen consumption of an individual?

Back 13

spirometer

Front 14

The energy equivalent of oxygen will vary according to the relative amounts of _____, _______, ________ being utilised at the time of metabolic rate

Back 14

proteins, fat and carbohydrates

Front 15

Define RQ

Back 15

RQ is the ratio of CO2 produced by the lungs to the volume of oxygen absorbed from the lungs in 1min

Front 16

What is the equation of RQ?

Back 16

CO2 produced / O2 consumed

Front 17

In a mixed diet what is the value of RQ?

Back 17

0.85

Front 18

What is the normal value of BMR?

Back 18

20 - 25kilocals/kg

Front 19

Glucose during the absorptive state (anabolic) is stored as what in the liver and muscle tissue?

Back 19

glycogen

Front 20

Glucose during the absorptive state (anabolic) is stored as what in the liver and adipose tissue?

Back 20

Glycerol or triglycerides

Front 21

Fatty acids is stored as what in the liver and adipose tissue

Back 21

triglycerides

Front 22

Amino acids is stored as what in the muscle and other cells?

Back 22

proteins

Front 23

_________ stimulates the uptake of glucose and amino acid

Back 23

Insulin

Front 24

When glucose in the muscle undergoes glycogenesis in muscle it is turned into ________

Back 24

glycogen

Front 25

What transports trigylcerides?

Back 25

VLDL

Front 26

What are the hormones affecting energy metabolism

Back 26

Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones
Growth hormones
Male sex steriods

Front 27

What are the 3 main storage macromolecules?

Back 27

Triglycerides
Proteins
Glycogen

Front 28

What is the term when most tissue turns into using solely fatty acids as an energy source?

Back 28

Glucose sparing effect

Front 29

What are the products if pyruvate undergoes glycolysis in the muscle?

Back 29

lactate
alanine

Front 30

The pancreas is only an endocrine organ. True or False?

Back 30

False it is a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland

Front 31

_____ is the exocrine part of the pancrease which release many digestive juices

Back 31

Acini

Front 32

What does the alpha cell in the islet of langerham secrete? (glucagon/insulin/somatostatin)

Back 32

glucagon

Front 33

What does the beta cell in the islet of langerham secrete? (glucagon/insulin/somatostatin)

Back 33

insulin

Front 34

What does the delta cell in the islet of langerham secrete? (glucagon/insulin/somatostatin)

Back 34

somatostatin

Front 35

which ultrastructure cleaves C-peptide from proinsulin?

Back 35

golgi apparatus

Front 36

Glucagon promotes (Catabolism/Anabolism)

Back 36

Catabolism

Front 37

Insulin promotes (Catabolism/Anabolism)

Back 37

Anabolism

Front 38

If insulin increases what occurs in most tissues in the body? (concerning glucose uptake, amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and protein breakdown)

Back 38

Glucose uptake increases
Amino acid uptake increases
Protein synthesis increases
Protein breakdown decreases

Front 39

If insulin increases what occurs in adipose tissue? (concerning fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis and lipolysis)

Back 39

fatty acid and trigylceride synthesis increases
lipolysis increases

Front 40

If the sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion increases this (stimulates/inhibits) beta cell in the pancreas

Back 40

inhibits

Front 41

If insulin increases what occurs in liver and muscle? (concerning glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis?)

Back 41

glycogen synthesis increases
glycogenolysis decreases

Front 42

If insulin increases what occurs in liver? (concerning fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis and gluconeogenesis)

Back 42

Fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis increases
gluconeogenesis decreases

Front 43

If glucagon secretion increases what would occur in the adipose tissue? (concerning lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis)

Back 43

lipolysis increases
triglyceride synthesis decreases

Front 44

If glucagon secretion increases what would occur in the liver? (concerning glycogenolysis/glucogen synthesis/gluconeogenesis/ketone synthesis/ protein breakdown/ protein synthesis)

Back 44

Glycogenolysis increases
Glucogen synthesis decreases
Gluconeogenesis increases
Ketone synthesis increases
Protein breakdown increases
Protein synthesis decreases

Front 45

What is the blood glucose at fasting levels?

Back 45

70-140mgdl-1

Front 46

What is the blood glucose of someone who has hyperglycaemia?

Back 46

more than 140mgdl-1

Front 47

What is the blood glucose of someone who has hypoglycaemia?

Back 47

less than 60mgdl-1

Front 48

The adrenal corticosteroid (promotes/inhibits) glycogen production

Back 48

promotes

Front 49

What is the role of growth hormone in the plasma glucose regulation

Back 49

Anti-insulin glucose sparing agent

Front 50

What is the role of catecholamine in the plasma glucose regulation

Back 50

when levels fall below 4mmol-1 it can mobilise glucose for use by the brain

Front 51

What is the role of thyroid hormones in the plasma glucose regulation

Back 51

enhance glucose metabolism and ensures glucose reserves are mobilised