Human Disease Ch.4

Front 1

calculus (plural: calculi)

Back 1

Stone.

Front 2

calyx (plural: calyces)

Back 2

A small, cup-like chamber in the kidney into which urine is drained.

Front 3

electrolytes

Back 3

Elements or chemicals that enable the body to work properly. Examples of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. A major function of the urinary system is to maintain a proper balance of electrolytes in the body.

Front 4

glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)

Back 4

One of the structures within the nephron of the kidney (see definition of nephron, below). The glomerulus is composed of tiny, intertwined capillaries that filter the blood.

Front 5

nephron

Back 5

The basic working unit of the kidney that carries out the processes that form urine. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.

Front 6

renal cortex

Back 6

The outer portion of the kidney.

Front 7

renal medulla

Back 7

The inner portion of the kidney.

Front 8

renal pelvis

Back 8

The "basin" at the base of the kidney that receives urine from the renal calyces and transports the urine into the ureter, with with which it connects.

Front 9

void

Back 9

To empty or evacuate, such as urine from the bladder.

Front 10

adenocarcinoma of the kidney

Back 10

A malignant neoplasm of the kidney. Also called renal cell carcinoma. The words neoplasm means "new growth."

Front 11

anuria

Back 11

Complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys.

Front 12

azotemia

Back 12

An excessive amount of nitrogen compounds in the blood.

Front 13

bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

Back 13

Blockage of the bladder outlet.

Front 14

diuresis

Back 14

Abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine.

Front 15

dysuria

Back 15

Painful of difficult urination.

Front 16

end-stage renal disease

Back 16

The final phase of a kidney disease process. Disease has advanced to the point that the kidneys no longer can adequately filter the blood.

Front 17

enuresis

Back 17

Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should have been established. Voluntary control of urination is usually present by the age of 5 years. Also called bedwetting

Front 18

glomerulonephritis

Back 18

Renal disease characterized by bilateral inflammatory changes in the glomeruli

Front 19

hematuria

Back 19

Blood in the urine.

Front 20

hydronephrosis

Back 20

Distension and stretching of the kidney (especially the kidney pelvis as a result of obstruction to urine outflow.

Front 21

nephrolithiasis

Back 21

A condition characterized by the presence of kidney stones, also called renal calculi

Front 22

nocturia

Back 22

Excessive urination at night.

Front 23

oliguria

Back 23

Diminished or scanty urination

Front 24

polycysic kidney

Back 24

A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts.

Front 25

pyelonephritis

Back 25

Inflammation of the kidney-especially of the pelvis of the kidney. Pyelonephritis is usually the result of a bacterial infection that has ascended from the urinary bladder.

Front 26

pyuria

Back 26

Pus in the urine-a condition i which there are more than the normal number of white blood cells in the urine. Freshly passed urine may be cloudy due to the presence of pus.

Front 27

renal hypertension

Back 27

High blood pressure resulting from a kidney disease.

Front 28

urgency

Back 28

A sudden compelling urge to urinate.

Front 29

urinary incontinence

Back 29

Intermittent or complete absence of ability ot control the release of urine from the bladder.

Front 30

wilms tumor

Back 30

Rapidly developing, malignant kidney tumor that usually occurs in children.

Front 31

anorchism

Back 31

congenital absence of one or both testes.

Front 32

balanitis

Back 32

Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis.

Front 33

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Back 33

A nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate due to excessive growth of prostatic tissue.

Front 34

cryptorchidism

Back 34

Failure of testicles to descend into the scrotum.

Front 35

epididymitis

Back 35

Acute or chronic inflammation of the epididymis. May result from veneral disease, urinary tract infection, prostatitis, prostatectomy, or prolonged use of indwelling catheters.

Front 36

epispadias

Back 36

A congenital (birth) defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis, instead of at the tip. Treatment is surgical redirection of the opening of the urethra to its normal position at the end of the penis.

Front 37

hydrocele

Back 37

The accumulation of fluid in any sac-like cavity, particularly the scrotal sac.

Front 38

hypospadias

Back 38

A congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of at the tip. Treatment consists of surgical redirection of the opening of the urethra to its normal position at the end of the penis.

Front 39

immpotence

Back 39

The inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection.

Front 40

prostatic cancer

Back 40

A malignant neoplasm of the prostate tissure, creating pressure on the upper part of the urethra. Prostate cancer tends to metastasize, often spreading to the bones of the spine or pelvis before it is detected, it is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men (after lung cancer); also called carcinoma of the prostate.

Front 41

prostatism

Back 41

Any condition of the prostate gland that interferes with flow of urine from the bladder.

Front 42

varicocele

Back 42

Swollen, enlarged, herniated veins near the testis.

Front 43

sexually transmitted disease (STD, venereal disease)

Back 43

A contagious disease acquired by sexual intercourse or genital contact. These diseases are among the most common communicable diseases, and the incidence has risen in recent years despite improved methods of diagnosis and treatment. They include chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes genitalis, sypphilis, and a complex array of other infections and clinical syndromes.

Front 44

chlamydial infection

Back 44

An infection caused by the bacterium chlamyia trachomatis.

Front 45

genital wart

Back 45

A wart of the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).

Front 46

gonorrhea

Back 46

An infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gnorrhoeae.

Front 47

herpes genitalis

Back 47

An infection of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Front 48

syphilis

Back 48

An infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue.

Front 49

trichomoniasis

Back 49

An infection of the vagina, urethra, or prostate caused by the bacterium Trichomonas vaginalis.

Front 50

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Back 50

Procedure in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization and important information of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Front 51

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

Back 51

A radiograph obtained without the use of a contrast medium that illustrates the size, shape, and location of tlhe kidenys in relationship to other organs in the abdominopelvic region.

Front 52

renal scan

Back 52

A nulear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape.

Front 53

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Back 53

Procedure in which a contrast medium (dye) is injected through a small catheter that is inserted into the urethra and bladder. Serial x-ray films are then taken of the entire urinary tract: the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Front 54

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

Back 54

Radiography of the bladder and urethra after the introduction of a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine.

Front 55

catheterization

Back 55

Insertion of a catheter (a hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove a fluid.

Front 56

cystoscopy

Back 56

Visually examination of the urinary bladder by inserting a cystoscope into the urethra.

Front 57

digital rectal examination (DRE)

Back 57

Insertion of a finer into the male rectum to palpate (used fingers to examine) the rectum and prostate.

Front 58

renal biopsy, percutaneous

Back 58

Obtaining renal tissue for analysis by use of a needle inserted through the skin.

Front 59

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 59

A test that measures the amount of urea ( a nitrogenous waste product in the blood.

Front 60

creatinine clearance

Back 60

A urine and blood test that shows how ell the dineys are filtering creatinine (a waste product) from the blood.

Front 61

prostateo-specific antigen (PSA)

Back 61

Blood test to screen for prostate cancer.

Front 62

urinalysis (UA)

Back 62

A physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of the urine.

Front 63

urine culture (UC)

Back 63

A test used to detect and identify organisms (usually bacteria) that may be causing a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Front 64

circumcision

Back 64

Surgical removal of the foreskin or the prepuce of the penis.

Front 65

kidney transplantation, renal transplantation

Back 65

Surgical implantation of a kidney from a compatible donor into a recipient.

Front 66

lithotripsy

Back 66

Any procedure done to crush a stone in the kidney, ureter, or bladder. Stones may be crushed within the body (intracorporeal lithotripsy) or outside of the body (extracorporeal lithotripsy).

Front 67

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Back 67

A noninvasive procedure to break up kidney stones. The shock waves are focused on the stones, disintegrating them and permitting their passage, in the urine. Also called extracorporeal lithotripsy.

Front 68

stent placement

Back 68

Use of a device to hold open vessels, tubes, or an obstructed ureter

Front 69

vasectomy

Back 69

Removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens

Front 70

dialysis

Back 70

The process of removing toxic materials from the blood in cases of impaired kidney function or absence of the kidneys.

Front 71

hemodialysis

Back 71

The use of a special machine to provide the function of the kidneys by removing toxic materials from the blood.

Front 72

peritoneal dialysis

Back 72

Dialysis in which a solution is infused into the peritoneal (ie, abdominal) cavity and is then drained from the body after absorbing toxins.