Human Disease Ch. 10

Front 1

bursa

Back 1

A fluid-filled sac found near the joints.

Front 2

diathermy

Back 2

A method of physical therapy that involves generating heat in body tissues.

Front 3

lamina

Back 3

The posterior arch of the vertebra. This is the part of the spine that is removed during a laminectomy.

Front 4

ligament

Back 4

A band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone.

Front 5

necrosis

Back 5

Death of tissue.

Front 6

physical therapy

Back 6

The treatment of injuries or disorders using physical methods such as exercise, massage, or the application of heat.

Front 7

range of motion

Back 7

The extent that a joint will move from being fully straightened to completely bent. Range of motion also refers to exercises designed to maintain this range and prevent contraction of the joint.

Front 8

sarcoma

Back 8

A malignant tumor growing form connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, or muscle.

Front 9

tendon

Back 9

A band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Front 10

ankylosis

Back 10

The stiffening and immobility of a joint as the result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion.

Front 11

arthritis

Back 11

Inflammation of a joint usually accompained by pain, swelling, and frequently, changes in structure.

Front 12

ankylosing sondylitis arthritis

Back 12

A chronic, progressive arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures.

Front 13

gout

Back 13

Arthritis caused by excessive uric acid in the body. Any joint may be affected, but gout usually begins in the big toe. Treatment consists of a diet low in uric acid the administration of drugs to lower uric acid production, relieve pain, and decrease inflammation.

Front 14

osteoarthritis

Back 14

A progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by destruction of cartilage in the joints and the development of bone spurs (osteophytes).

Front 15

rheumatoid

Back 15

A chronic systemic disease marked by inflammation of multiple joints that often results in crippling deformities. The joints of the hand are most commonly affected; the hips and knees are also commonly affected.

Front 16

bursitis

Back 16

Inflammation of a bursa. the bursae most commonly affected are those near the shoulder, elbow, or knee joints. Anagesics and heat (eg, diathermy) often relieve symptoms. In more severe cases cortisone injections may be required. In chronic cases surgical removal may be necessary

Front 17

bunion

Back 17

A chronic enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe. Causes include improperly fitting footwear or excessive physical activity. Treatment includes padding around the toe to relieve pressure, medications for pain and swelling, or bunionectomy.

Front 18

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Back 18

Pain or numbness in the hand (especially in the palm and fingers caused by compression on the median nerve in the wrist.

Front 19

dislocation

Back 19

Displacement of a bone from its normal location within a joint

Front 20

subluxation dislocation

Back 20

A partial dislocation

Front 21

fracture

Back 21

A break in the bone. Some examples of fractures are described next, and illustrated in Figure 12-11.

Front 22

complicated

Back 22

A fracture in which the broken bone injures an internal organ, such as a borken rib piercing the lung.

Front 23

compound (open)

Back 23

A fracture with an external wound in the skin.

Front 24

comminuted

Back 24

A fracture in which the bone is broken or splintered into pieces.

Front 25

impacted

Back 25

A fracture in which the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of the other.

Front 26

incomplete

Back 26

A break in the bone in which the line of fracture does not include the whole bone.

Front 27

greenstick

Back 27

A fracture in which the bone is partially bent and partially broken (as when a green stick breaks); occurs in children.

Front 28

pathological

Back 28

A fracture of a diseased or weakened bone produced by a force that would not have fractured a healthy bone. The underlying disease may be metastaisis from a cancer that originated elsewhre, primary cancer of the bone, or osteoporosis.

Front 29

simple (closed) pathological

Back 29

A fracture without an external wound.

Front 30

ganglion

Back 30

A cystic tumor that develops on a tendon, often on the back of the wrist.

Front 31

Lyme disease

Back 31

An acute, recurrent inflammatory infection transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick. It is initially characterized by a circular rash and flulike symptoms and progresses within a period of a few days or weeks to other sites of the body to produce malaise, myalgia, arthritis, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms. When treated early, the results are good. Antibiotic therapy is the main mode of treatment.

Front 32

osteochondroma

Back 32

Benign tumor composed of bone and cartilage.

Front 33

osteomalacia

Back 33

A vitamin D deficiency in adults marked by increasing softness of the bones, thus causing deformities.

Front 34

osteomyelitis

Back 34

Inflammation of bone and marrow, usually caused by infection.

Front 35

osteoporosis

Back 35

A disorder characterized by abnormal loss of bone density.

Front 36

osteosarcoma

Back 36

The most common malignant tumor of the bone. It occurs most frequently in children and young adults where it tends to affect the femur.

Front 37

Paget's disease

Back 37

A disease occurring in older people in which bone tissue dose not form properly, causing weakening, thickening, and deformity of the bone. also called osteitis deformans.

Front 38

talipes

Back 38

Any of several deformities of the foot that are usually congenital, where the foot is in a relatively fixed, twisted, abnormal position.

Front 39

herniated disk

Back 39

Rupture of an intervertebral disk, causing disk tissue to protrude into the spinal canal and to push against a spinal nerve. This most frequently occurs in the lumbar region, causing lower back pain that may radiate down the leg (sciatica). Bedrest, pain medication, and physical therapy are initial treatments. Surgery such as laminectomy and spinal fusion may be performed on patients with recurrent disk herniation.

Front 40

kyphosis

Back 40

An abnormal curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly known as humpback or hunchback. Treatment consists of apine-stretching exercises, sleeping with a board under the mattress, and wearing a brace to straighten the kyphotic curve; surgery is rarely required.

Front 41

lordosis

Back 41

An abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly called swayback.

Front 42

scoliosis

Back 42

An abnormal, lateral curvature of the spine. It usually consists of two curves, the original abnormal curve and a compensatory curve in the opposite direction; this produces a characteristic "S" shape. Scoliosis may be treated through the use of a brace to straighten the abnormal spinal curvature or with corrective orthopedic surgery (e.g., the placement of a supportive rod along the spine or spinal fusion).

Front 43

musclar dystrophy

Back 43

A group of genetic diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles. Treatment consists primarily of supportive measures, such as physical therapy, and orthopedic procedures to reduce deformity.

Front 44

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Back 44

The most common form of muscular dystrophy. It usually first appears between 3 and 5 years of age and spreads from the leg and pelvic muscles to the muscles of the shoulder and neck, followed by the involuntary muscles. Muscles rapidly deteriorate as fat replaces functional muscle cells. By the age of 12 the person is usually confined to a wheelchair. There is no cure. Most patients die from Duchenne muscular dystrophy within 10 to 15 years of symptom onset.

Front 45

polymyositis

Back 45

The chronic inflammation of a number of muscles simultanesly. The cause is unknown, but evidence suggests that it is an autoimmune disorder. Treatmetn consists of supportive therapy and corticosteroids.

Front 46

sprain

Back 46

Traumatic injury to ligaments that causes pain and disability. In severe sprain, the ligaments may be completely torn. The ligaments in the ankle joint are most often sprained. Treatment consists of cold compresses, application of a bandage for support, elevation of the joint, and rest.

Front 47

strain

Back 47

Trauma to the muscles and/or tendons from excessive use.

Front 48

arthrography

Back 48

Radiography (x-ray) of the joint after injection of a contrast medium.

Front 49

bone scan

Back 49

A nuclear medicine procedure that involves the injection of radioactive substances to make images of the bones. Bone scans are especially useful in diagnosing tumors--including metastases to the bone.

Front 50

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Back 50

An imaging technique to measure bone density for purposes of diagnosis and management of osteoporosis.

Front 51

electromyography (EMG)

Back 51

The process of recording the strength of the contraction of a muscle when it is stimulated by electric current.

Front 52

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate)

Back 52

Test to measure the rate at which RBCs settle to the bottom of a narrow tube. Elevated ESRs are not specific for any disorder but indicate the presence of inflmmation

Front 53

rheumatoid factor (RF)

Back 53

Blood test to detect the presence of the rheumatoid factor. Rheumatoid factors are antibodies often found in the serum of patients with a clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 54

calcium (Ca) level

Back 54

Measures the amount of calcium in the blood.

Front 55

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Back 55

Blood test that measures the level of the nzyme creatine phosphokinase. This test is ued as a reliable meaasure of skeletal and inflammatory muscle diseases and can be helpful in diagnosing muscular dystrophy. It is also a test used to diagnose myocardial infarction.

Front 56

phosphorus level

Back 56

Test to measure the amount of phosphorus in the blood; useful in the diagnosis of bone disorders.

Front 57

uric acid test

Back 57

Test to measure the amount of uric acid in the blood. High levels are associated with gouty arthritis.

Front 58

arthrocentesis

Back 58

Surgical puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove accumulated fluid.

Front 59

arthrodesis

Back 59

Surgical immobilization of a joint.

Front 60

arthroplasty

Back 60

The surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint. The procedure is most often done to replace the hip joint or the knee joint. Hip replacemetn surgery is called "total hip arthroplasty" (THA). Knee replacement surgery is called "total knee arthroplasty" (TKA).

Front 61

arthroscop

Back 61

Visual examination of the interior of a joint performed by inserting an endoscope through a small incision. This procedure is performed to repair and remove joint tissue especially of knee, ankle, and shoulder.

Front 62

laminectomy

Back 62

Surgical removal (excision) of the posterior arch of one or more vertebrae. The procedure is most commonly done to relieve pressure on a nerve root.

Front 63

open reduction of fractures

Back 63

The treatment of bone fractures by a surgical procedure to place the bone(s) in proper alignment. Devices such as pins, screws, wires, or nails may be used internally to maintain the bone alignment while healing takes place. These devices are called internal fixation devices.

Front 64

sequestrectomy

Back 64

Surgical removal (excision) of a necrosed piece of bone.

Front 65

closed reduction of fractures

Back 65

The treatment of bone fractures by manipulating the bone into proper position (reduction) without making an incision into the skin. After reduction, the bone is then immobilized with an external device to maintain proper alignment while healing occurs. Examples of external devices used are casting, splinting, and traction.

Front 66

casting

Back 66

The application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or other material to a limb or body part to immobilize it during healing.

Front 67

splinting

Back 67

The use of an orthopedic device made of wood, plastic, metal,composites, etc., for the fixation or protection of a fracture or dislocation.

Front 68

traction

Back 68

The process of putting a bone, limb, or group of muscles under tension by means of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize the part, or to relieve pressure on it.