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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Human Development as a science |
The science of human development seeks to understand how and why all kinds of people change over time. |
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Critical periods and sensitive periods |
Critical period: a time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen. Sensitive period: a time when a particular developmental growth occurs more easily, but not exclusively. |
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Ecological Systems Theory |
Urie Bronfenbrenner Microsystem: immediate influences like family and peer groups. Exosystem: community structures, educational system, etc. Macrosystem: cultural patterns, economy, political philosophies, etc. Mesosystem: interaction between systems. Chronosystem: historical context. |
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Cohorts |
Persons born within a few years of one another. Also known as contemporaries. |
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Plasticity |
Human traits can be molded, yet people maintain a durability of identity. |
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Socioeconomic status |
A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence. Social class. |
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Scientific method |
A way to answer questions that requires empirical research and data-based conclusions. Observation, hypothesis, evidence, analysis, results. |
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Research designs |
Observation: observing subject in a natural setting or lab with minimal impact. Case study: detailed observation of a single subject in varied locations and scenarios. Correlation: analysis of data to determine how two variables are related, the degree to which they rise and fall together, apart, or not at all. |
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Cross-sectional (research design) |
Collect data once from people of different ages but of similar physical and socioeconomic status. Compare groups. Any differences, presumably, are the result of age. |
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Longitudinal (research design) |
Collect data at intervals from the same subjects each time. Any differences are definitely the result of the passage of time. |
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Cross-sequential (research design) |
Collect data at regular intervals from original group while adding a new group each time. Differences between groups at certain age points are cohort effects. |
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Independent and dependent variables |
In an experiment, the independent variable is introduced (or manipulated) to see what effect it has on the dependent variable. |
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Psychoanalytic theory |
Inner drives, deep motives, and unconscious needs are rooted in childhood experience and influence every aspect of thinking and behavior. |
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Freud's stages: birth to 1 year |
Oral stage. The lips, tongue and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations. |
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Freud's stages: 1-3 years |
Anal stage. The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and toilet training is the most important activity. |
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Freud's stages: 3-6 years |
Phallic stage. The phallus (penis) is the most important body part and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation. Boys are proud of their penises and girls envy them. |
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Freud's stages: 6-11 years |
Latency. An interlude. Sexual needs are quiet. Energy expended elsewhere. |
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Freud's stages: adolescence |
Genital stage. The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in hetero relationships. |
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Freud's stages: adulthood |
Genital stage, continued. The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in relationships. |
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Erikson's stages: birth to 1 year |
Trust vs. Mistrust Babies either trust that others will satisfy their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact, or develop mistrust about the care of others. |
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Erikson's stages: 1-3 years |
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Children either become self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking, or doubt their own abilities. |
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Erikson's stages: 3-6 years |
Initiative vs. Guilt Children either try to undertake many adultlike activities or internalize the limits and prohibitions set by parents. They feel either adventurous or guilty. |
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Erikson's stages: 6-11 years |
Industry vs. Inferiority Children busily practice and then master new skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything well |
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Erikson's stages: adolescence |
Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescents ask themselves "Who am I?" They establish sexual, political, religious and vocational identities or are confused about their roles. |
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Erikson's stages: Adulthood |
Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair |
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Behaviorism |
A grand theory that studies observable behavior. Also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned. Conditioning: The processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. |
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Ivan Pavlov |
Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, demonstrating what is now known as classical conditioning.
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Classical conditioning |
A person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as the meaningful one. |
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B.F. Skinner |
Operant conditioning: animals act and something follows that action. If the consequence that follows is enjoyable, the animal tends to repeat the behavior. Reinforcement. |
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Albert Bandura |
Social learning theory: humans sometimes learn without personal reinforcement. This learning occurs through modeling, when people copy what they see others do. |
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Jean Piaget |
Cognitive theory: thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes, beliefs, values, assumptions, and actions. |
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Lev Vygotsky |
Sociocultural theory: guided participation is a universal process used by mentors to teach cultural knowledge, skills, and habits. |
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Chromosome |
One of 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains, and that, together, contain all the genes. |
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Gene |
A small section of a chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. A gene consists of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins. |
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Human genome |
The complete genetic code for a human being. |
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23rd chromosomal pair |
Female: XX Male: XY XXY: Klinefelter Syndrome. Males. Learning disabilities, especially in language skills. XYY: Jacob's Syndrome. Males. Tall. Risk of intellectual impairment, especially in language. XXX: impaired in most intellectual skills. XO (one sex chromosome, Turner Syndrome): Females. Short, webbed neck. Breasts and menstruation do not develop. Learning disabilities, especially spacial; difficulty recognizing facial expressions of emotion. |
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Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins |
Monozygotic twins are genetically identical, originating from one zygote. Dizygotic twins originate from separate zygotes and are not identical. |
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Genetic abnormalities |
Down syndrome: +1 chromosome at 21st pair. Unusual facial features, heart abnormalities, language difficulty. |
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Stages of prenatal development |
Germinal: the first two weeks of development after conception, during which implantation (~10 days) occurs and the organism begins to receive nutrients from the mother. Embryonic: 3-8 weeks during which basic forms of all body structures develop, including internal organs. Fetal: 9 weeks to birth. During which the fetus gains about 7 pounds and organs mature, gradually able to function on their own. |
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Teratogens |
Teratogens: anything (drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, stress, etc) that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities. Behavioral teratogens: agents and conditions that impair the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the result of alcohol consumed during pregnancy. Characterized by flat facial features and intellectual disability. |
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Stages of labor and delivery |
1) Cervical dilation 2) Baby moves to birth canal 3) Head emerges, baby is pulled out 4) Placenta expulsion |
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Apgar scale |
A quick assessment of a new-born's health. A score of 0 to 2 is assigned to each category. 7+ healthy. 10 is rare. 3 or less is serious distress. Color, heartbeat, reflex irritability, muscle tone, respiratory effort. |
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Birthing practices |
Natural birth Home birth (<1%) Epidural Caesarean section (abdominal incision) |
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Birthing complications |
Pre-term Cerebral Palsy can result from damage to brain motor centers Anoxia is a lack of oxygen that can lead to brain damage or death. |
