Human Development Psychology Ch 11

Front 1

The transition between childhood and adulthood

Back 1

Adolescents

Front 2

A flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity.
Marks the start of adolescents

Back 2

Puberty

Front 3

What 3 forces combine to form adolescent development?

Back 3

Biological, psychological, and social

Front 4

Biological changes are _________

Back 4

Universal

Front 5

At what age do the complex hormonal changes that underlie puberty occur?

Back 5

Ages 8-9

Front 6

What 2 hormones increase, leading to tremendous gains in body size and to attainment of skeletal maturity?

Back 6

Growth hormone and Thyroxine

Front 7

Sexual maturation is controlled by what?

Back 7

Sex hormones

Front 8

Are estrogens and androgens found in both males and females?

Back 8

Yes

Front 9

Hormone that leads to muscle growth , body and facial hair, and other male sex characteristics

Back 9

Androgen testosterone

Front 10

In both sexes, what does GH do?

Back 10

Adds to the growth spurt and stimulating gains in bone density.
Estrogen increase

Front 11

What does estrogen that is released by the girls ovaries do?

Back 11

Causes the breast, uterus, and vagina to mature, the body to take on feminine proportions, and fat to accumulate

Front 12

What contributes to regulation of menstrual cycle?

Back 12

Estrogens

Front 13

Released from adrenal glad, on top of each kidney, influences girls height spurt and stimulates growth of underarm and pubic hair.

Back 13

Adrenal androgens

Front 14

The first outward sign of puberty is the rapid gain in height and weight

Back 14

Growth spurt

Front 15

What age does the growth spurt happen for girls and boys?

Back 15

Girls-10
Boys-12.5

Front 16

Who is taller and heavier during early adolescents? (boys or girls)

Back 16

Girls

Front 17

When is growth in body size complete for girls and boys?

Back 17

Girls- 16
Boys-17.5

Front 18

Which hormone is more in girls? Estrogen or androgen?

Back 18

Estrogen

Front 19

Sex hormones cause what to change in boys? and girls?

Back 19

Boys: Shoulders broaden relative to hips, taller than girls
Girls: Hips broaden relative to shoulder and waist

Front 20

Who does this describe: boys or girls?
Gain more muscle, develop larger skeletal muscles, heats, and lung capacity, number of red blood cells increases (ability to carry oxygen from lungs to muscles)

Back 20

Boys

Front 21

Organs that directly Involve the reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females; penis, scrotum, and testes in males).

Back 21

Primary sexual characteristics

Front 22

Physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to the reproductive organs.
Visible on the outside of the body and serve as additional signs of sexual maturity ( breast development, and appearance of underarm and pubic hair)

Back 22

Secondary sexual characteristics

Front 23

The first menstruation.
Around age 12.5

Back 23

Menarche

Front 24

The first ejaculation.
Around age 13.5

Back 24

Spermarche

Front 25

Protein released by fat cell, believed to signal the brain that a girl's energy stores are sufficient for puberty

Back 25

Leptin

Front 26

Girls that are heavier and/or obese will experience breast and pubic hair and menarche growth (sooner or later) than girls who start athletic training at an early age and have very little body fat?

Back 26

Sooner

Front 27

A generational change.
A trend in pubertal timing that lends added support to the role of physical well being in pubertal development

Back 27

Secular trend

Front 28

When a child's safety and security are at risk, it is adaptive for them to reproduce (earlier or later) than when there is a warm, stable family?

Back 28

Earlier

Front 29

How does puberty begin for girls and boys?

Back 29

Girls: Growth of breast, growth spurt, followed by pubic hair
Boys: Growth of testes and scrotum, pubic hair appears, growth spurt, and penis enlarges

Front 30

What are some individual differences in the timing of puberty?

Back 30

Heredity, Nutrition/exercise, Geographical location, SES, ethnic group, early family experiences, and secular trend

Front 31

What are the 4 NT suseptable at this time?

Back 31

Glutamate, serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline

Front 32

Do adolescents go to bed earlier or later?

Back 32

Later

Front 33

Do they need as much sleep still, even if they go to bed later, as they did in middle childhood? And how much sleep is that?

Back 33

Yes; 9 hours

Front 34

What is the "governor of thought and action?

Back 34

Our frontal lobe

Front 35

What is sculpted in the adolescent brain that supports diverse cognitive skills, including improved processing speed, attention, memory, planning, capacity to integrate info, and self regulation

Back 35

Growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers accelerate, strengthening connections among various brain regions (linkages between the 2 cerebral hemispheres through the corpus callosum

Front 36

What does lack of sleep do to adolescents?

Back 36

Impairs cognitive functioning (lower achievement, mood problems, and high risk behaviors)

Front 37

How do tribal and villages celebrate the onset of puberty?
A ritualized announcement to the community that marks an important change in privilege and responsibility.

Back 37

Initiation ceremony

Front 38

Girls who are unpopular, withdrawn, have low confidence, have more deviant behavior, negative body image, and more long term problems, have probably started maturing early or late?

Back 38

Early

Front 39

Girls who are popular, confident, independent, and have a positive body image have probably starting maturing earlier or later?

Back 39

Later

Front 40

Boys who are popular sociable lively, school leaders, and have a positive body image have probably starting maturing sooner or later?

Back 40

Sooner

Front 41

Boys who are unpopular, anxious, talkative, attention seeking, and have a negative body image have probably started maturing sooner or later?

Back 41

Later

Front 42

What is supposed to happen; Going out with friends and romantic partners increases so dramatically during adolescence it is called this

Back 42

Cultural script

Front 43

Moodiness in adolescence is NOT due to what?

Back 43

Hormonal changes

Front 44

Why do adolescence appear moody?

Back 44

B/c they change social activities so many times during one day

Front 45

Most conflict between adolescents and parents are mild, they both display conflict and what?

Back 45

Affection

Front 46

What are the 2 factors that account for pubertal timing trends?

Back 46

1. how closely the adolescent's body matches cultural ideals of physical attractiveness
2. how well young people fit in physically with their peers

Front 47

Conception of and attitude toward their physical appearance

Back 47

Body image

Front 48

Early- maturing Caucasian girls tend to report (more/less) positive body image.

Back 48

Less

Front 49

What is the ultimate body image for boys and girls at the time of puberty?

Back 49

Girls: thin and small
Boys:Big

Front 50

When do adolescence fell most comfortable with peers?

Back 50

When their peers match their own level of biological maturity

Front 51

How many more calories do boys and girls need during their growth spurt?

Back 51

Boys: 2700 and more protein
Girls: 2200 and somewhat less protein

Front 52

Who are at high risk for eating disorders?

Back 52

Girls who reach puberty fast, who are very dissatisfied with their body image, and who grow up in homes where concern with weight and thinness is high

Front 53

A tragic eating disturbance in which young ppl starve themselves b/c of a compulsive fear of getting fat

Back 53

Anorexia nervosa

Front 54

What percent of boys and girls experience anorexia nervosa

Back 54

1% girls
10% boys

Front 55

What percent of anoerxics die of this disorder?

Back 55

6%

Front 56

Is there a genetic influence? How do you know/

Back 56

Yes b/c identical twins share the disorder more often than fraternal twins

Front 57

What is the most successful treatment for anorexia nervosa?

Back 57

family therapy and medication

Front 58

What type of dangers are involved with anorexia nervosa?

Back 58

Heart damage, kidney failure, irreversible brain damage, and loss of bone mass

Front 59

An eating disorder in which young people (mainly girls, but gay and bisexual boys are vulnerable) engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives

Back 59

Bulimia nervosa

Front 60

Which is more common: Bulimia or Anorexia?

Back 60

Bulimia

Front 61

What percent of teenage girls are affected by bulimia?

Back 61

2-4% only 5% of whom had been anorexia

Front 62

What is bulimia influenced by?

Back 62

Heredity, depression, guilt, and overweight

Front 63

For adolescent sexuality, North American attitudes are what?

Back 63

Restrictive

Front 64

Northern American attitudes have become more liberal over the past 40 years. Meaning premarital sex (is/isn't) ok for committed partners?

Back 64

is

Front 65

US youths become sexually active (earlier/later) than Canadian and European counterpart?

Back 65

Earlier- by ninth grade (age 14-15)

Front 66

Who has their first intercourse: males or females?

Back 66

Males

Front 67

What percent of sexually active teens in US are at risk for unintended pregnancy b/c they do not use contraception correctly?

Back 67

20%

Front 68

What is the sequence of "coming out?"

Back 68

Feeling different, confusion, and self acceptance

Front 69

A stage of "coming out" children start to engage in sexual questioning ( wondering why the typical heterosexual orientation does not apply to them.
Ages6-12

Back 69

Feeling different

Front 70

A stage of "coming out" Not knowing who they are physically attracted to. some throw themselves into activities they associate with heterosexuality (boys=athletic teams, girls=dance)
Ages 11-15

Back 70

Confusion

Front 71

Stage of "coming out" The majority of gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens accept their identity
Age timing varies

Back 71

Coming out

Front 72

What age group has the highest rates of STD's?

Back 72

Adolescence

Front 73

1/5 of US cases of AIDS occur between what ages?

Back 73

20-29

Front 74

In the US how many teen that are sexually active, contract one of those illnesses each year?

Back 74

1 in 6

Front 75

What age group is AIDS mostly affected and when does AIDS manifest?

Back 75

Adolescence and 8-10 yrs later

Front 76

It is twice as easy for a (female/male) to infect a (female/male) with any STD.

Back 76

Male;Female
But male with males are at a high risk

Front 77

How many teenage girls in the US become pregnant annually?

Back 77

800,000 and 25,000 under age 15

Front 78

What percent of US adolescent pregnancies end in abortion?

Back 78

40%

Front 79

What percent of teen mothers are unmarried?

Back 79

86%

Front 80

These are all risks for who?
less educational achievement, more time as a single parent, economic problems, pregnancy and birth complications, and lack of parenting sills

Back 80

Teen mothers

Front 81

What percent of US teen moms graduate?

Back 81

70%

Front 82

A mother's age at childbirth is a strong predictor of what?

Back 82

The next generation's age at childbirth

Front 83

A minority of teens move from substance use to abuse, what does this mean?

Back 83

Taking drugs regularly, requiring increasing amounts to achieve the same effect, moving on to harder substances, and using enough to interfere with their ability to meet daily needs

Front 84

By 10th grade what percent of students have tried cigarettes? Alcohol? illegal drug?

Back 84

50% cigs; 63% alcohol; 31%illegal drug

Front 85

Adolescent substance abusers are most likely affected by what?

Back 85

Genetic and environmental factors

Front 86

The majority of teens who dabble in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana that are not headed for a life of addiction. Usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young ppl.

Back 86

Experimenters

Front 87

According to Piaget, at what age do children enter the formal operational stage?

Back 87

11

Front 88

Piaget's stage in which children develop the capacity for abstract, systemic, scientific thinking.

Back 88

Formal operational stage

Front 89

When faced with a problem, children start with a hypothesis about variables that might affect an outcome, from which they deduce logical, testable inferences. Then they systemically isolate and combine variables to set which of theses inferences are confirmed in the real world

Back 89

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Front 90

children "operate on reality" which is called concrete (they start with reality) operational thought and adolescence "operate on what" which is formal operational thought

Back 90

operations

Front 91

What is the famous example of Piaget's formal operational thought process?

Back 91

The pendulum problem

Front 92

Adolescents' ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real world circumstances

Back 92

Propositional thought

Front 93

What are the 2 things formal operational thought requires?

Back 93

Language based and other symbolic systems that do not stand for real things

Front 94

What are the 2 important characteristics of Piaget's formal operational stage?

Back 94

1.hypothetico- deductive reasoning
2. Propositional thought

Front 95

What is this an example of?
"either the chip in my hand is green or it is not green"
"the chip in my hand is green and it is not green"

Back 95

Propositional thought

Front 96

The accuracy of conclusions drawn from premises rests on the rules of logic, not on real world confirmation

Back 96

Logical necessity

Front 97

What type of improvements are these? Attention, inhibition, strategies, knowledge, metacognition, cognitive self regulation, speed of thinking and processing capacity?

Back 97

Information processing improvements

Front 98

What is the central information processing component to adolescent cognitive development?

Back 98

Metacognition

Front 99

The ability to distinguish theory from evidence steadily (improves/declines) from childhood to adolescence?

Back 99

Improves

Front 100

Adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concerns

Back 100

Imaginary audience

Front 101

Certain the others are observing and thinking about them, teens develop an inflated opinion of their own important- a feeling that they are special and unique

Back 101

Personal fable

Front 102

What are the 4 steps to planning?

Back 102

1. identify pros and cons
2. assessing the likelihood of various outcomes
3. evaluating choice in terms of whether their goals were met
4. learning from mistakes

Front 103

Do adolescents have a harder time when changing between 3 schools or 2?

Back 103

3