Human Development Lectures 5 - 8

Front 1

Does Heritability mean Inheritance?

Back 1

NO! Heritability is a statistic that describes the proportion of observed variance in a population

the amount of variability in the population that is attributable to hereditary influence.

Front 2

What is a Congenital defect?

Back 2

When a human is genetically predisposed to be born with normal limbs, but the environment changed that.

e.g., Women who took the drug Thalidomide, gave birth to babies with congenital defects

Front 3

Is the heritability for height more genetically or environmentally determined?

Back 3

Genetically...good nutrition helps, but most comes from genetics

Front 4

Is the heritability high or low for the number of digits on a hand?

Back 4

Low, because the genetic determination of number of digits is very high

Front 5

Is the heritability high or low for hair colour among 3 yr-old Chinese children?

Back 5

Low - low variance

Front 6

Is the heritability high or low for hair colour among 3 yr-old European children?

Back 6

High - high variance

Front 7

What are the three key elements of a Genome?

Back 7

1. Genetype (genes)

2. Phenotype (how those genes switch on/off in environment)

3. Environment

Front 8

How many chromosomes in each cell?

Back 8

23

Front 9

Is the gender determined by the egg or the sperm?

Back 9

sperm

Front 10

How many alleles for each gene?

Back 10

At least two

Front 11

What three types of genotype did (Scarr & McCartney, 1983) come up with?

Back 11

1. passive, (Dad takes child to footy training)

2. active, (children actively seek out environmental niches that are most compatible with genetic predisposition)

3. evocative (Cute children get positive feedback from many people not just parents/ Tantrum type children get ignored, neg feedback from the environment)

Front 12

True/False: Twin studies showed that IQ is largely determined by Heritability

Back 12

True

Front 13

Is there a negative correlation between the number of risk factors and IQ? (Rochester Longitudinal Study)

Back 13

Yes

Front 14

What are some examples of what a risk factor is?

Back 14

Mother had history of mental illness;

Mother did not attend High School;

Mother had severe anxiety;

‘Head of Household’ semi-skilled (SES);

Father not with family;

20 or more stressful events through first 4 years;

Child belongs to minority group;

Few positive interactions between mother and child during infancy.

Front 15

What were the four things Rutter (2007) studied on gene-environment interdependence?

Back 15

(1) epigenetic effects of environments on genes; (2) variations in heritability according to environmental circumstances;

(3) gene–environment correlations;

(4) gene–environment interactions.

Front 16

What age do children start to develop agency? (when they realise that they can have control over moving an object - e.g. screaming baby pulling out his own hair - did not have agency)

Back 16

2-4 months

Front 17

What is object permanence?

Back 17

That when an object is covered, it doesn't disappear

Front 18

What is joint attention?

Back 18

that pointing means "look over there"

Front 19

Which developmental theory fits nicely with the case studies (kids aged 3, 9, 12, 15, 18)?

Back 19

Erikson's theory

Front 20

What were Erikson's different types of Identity in adolescence? (5)

Back 20

1. Identity

2. Identity confusion

3. Identity foreclosure (parents decide kid will be a doctor)

4. Negative Identity (go out of way to rebel)

5. Psychosocial moratorium (have time out to explore possibilities)

Front 21

What were James Marcia's 1980 identity-status categories? (4)

Back 21

1. Identity-diffusion status: No firm commitments and no progress toward them.

2. Foreclosure status: Identity is based on the choices of others without experimentation.

3. Moratorium status: Various choices are explored, but no commitment is made.

4. Identity-achievement status: An autonomous choice is made based on explored options

Front 22

What age group did Jean Phinney (1997) study with Ethnic Identity?

Back 22

Adolescence

Front 23

What are the three components of Self-Esteem?

Back 23

1. overall evaluation and how you feel about that evaluation

2. where you rank on Satisfaction

3. High self-esteem leads to feeling good about self and hopeful

Front 24

From Susan Harter's Self-Esteem Profile, what are the our important factors in Self-Esteem?

Back 24

1. Physical appearance••

2. Athletic ability••

3. Intellectualabilities••

4. Aspects ofpersonality

Front 25

What are Cattell's two types of Intelligence?

Back 25

1. Crystallizedintelligence: Factual knowledge aboutthe world, word meanings, arithmetic, etc

2. Fluid intelligence: The ability to think onthe spot by drawing inferences and understanding relations between concepts notpreviously encountered

Front 26

True or False. General Intelligence, g factor, is not a single entity (trait)

Back 26

False

Front 27

What were Thurstone’s seven primary mental abilities?

Back 27

•Word Fluency

•Verbal Meaning

•Reasoning

•SpatialVisualization

•Numbering

•Rote Memory

•Perceptual Speed

Front 28

What's Carroll's Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence?

Back 28

1. g•

2. eight generalizedabilities•

3. many specificprocesses

Front 29

What are the two main sections in the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC)?

Back 29

•Verbal: general knowledge and language skills (crystallized intelligence)•

Performance: spatial and perceptual abilities (fluidintelligence).

Front 30

What is a big criticism of The WISC-III intelligence?

Back 30

Cultural bias

Front 31

How many intelligences are there in Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Back 31

Eight... musical, linguist, logical, spatial, etc

Front 32

What three components of Sternberg’s Theory of SuccessfulIntelligence?

Back 32

Analytic

Practical

Creative

Front 33

What are the three types of Attachment?

Back 33

Securely attached

Anxious+resistant

Anxious+avoidant

Front 34

•Sagi, Ijzendoorn & Koren-Karie (1991) used theStrange Situation methodology to test attachment in infants in US, Israel, Japanand Germany. Were the results for Germany negative?

Back 34

No. In their culture they prized the early development of an independent child

Front 35

In the Denver, Colorado and Bogota, Colombia study, what were the (1) attachment styles of the child, and (2) the maternal behaviours?

Back 35

1. Secure vs insecure

2. Sensitive responsiveness (sensitivity to baby's signals), Accessibility (awareness of baby even if not in same room), and Acceptance (whether get irritated or not over baby)

Front 36

Which group had stronger correlations across the board?

Back 36

Bogota

Front 37

Is variation within a culture bigger than variation between cultures?

Back 37

Yes - think afro-american IQ mean example

Front 38

What's the Flynn effect?

Back 38

Blah

Front 39

Do intelligence tests test your performance or your predictive value on your abilities?

Back 39

Predictive value

Front 40

How does concept formation differ between Western and African cultures?

Back 40

e.g. sparrow, cod, eagle and whiting

Western kids = categorise according to structure

African kids = categorise according to function

Front 41

What did Chen et al (2004) demonstrate with problem-solving skills comparing chinese and us students, with the statue or the cave problem?

Back 41

Front 42

What were the different forms ofadaptation e.g., memory skills of Western Desert children (Kearins, 1978, Australian Journalof Psychology)?

Back 42

Aboriginal kids consistently performed better on man-made or natural visual memory tasks

Front 43

Vygotsky was interested in two types of subjectivity..

Back 43

•Intrasubjectivity = the individual’s privateunderstanding

•Intersubjectivity = the shared understanding